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an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena Editor: Roberto FARABONE Editecs, Bologna VOL. I N. 1 1976
118 pp.
an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena Editor: Roberto FARABONE Editecs, Bologna VOL. II N. 1 1977
206 pp.
an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena Editor: Roberto FARABONE Editecs, Bologna VOL. III N. 1 1979
356 pp.
an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena Editor: Roberto FARABONE Cooperativa Studi e Iniziative UPIAR, Milano VOL. IV N. 1 1981
270 pp.
UFO PHENOMENA an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena VOL. I N. 1 1976 Editecs, Bologna
Essay on the Possible Correlazion Between the Geographical Distribution and the Directions of UFOs Based on the Spanish Wave of 1968-1969
13-34
Abstract: A study of the frequency of occurrences and distribution of the flight directions of UFOs during the Spanish wave of 1968-1969 shows that, when the three parameters of direction, course, and frequency of occurrence of said direction, are considered as vectors, the resultant sum of these vectors indicates precisely the centers of maximum UFO information: that of aerial observations (NE Spain), when considering the directions in which the objects were seen to appear; and that of Type I cases (SW Spain), when considering the directions in which they where seen to disappear.
Some subsequent considerations show that the line which joins both centers of information, NE-SW, seems to play an important part in the development of the geographical location of the sightings of the wave.
PSYCHOLOGICAL and PERCEPTIVE ASPECTS
Richard F. HAINES
UFO Apparence Recognition and Identification Test Procedure
39-54
Leo R. SPRINKLE
UFO Activity: Cosmic Consciousness Conditioning?
55-62
Abstract: This paper describes a possible approach to the study of UFO reports: a tentative set of hypotheses which may explains the 'physical', 'biological', 'psycho-social', and 'spiritual' implications of UFO phenomena. UFO reports are considered in light of the hypothesis that the UFO experience tends to increase the level of cosmic consciousness of the UFO witness. Also, the emerging pattern of UFO reports is compared with the views of persons who claims to have obtained prophetic visions of events which are to occur during the next twenty-five years.
EPISTEMOLOGY of the RESEARCH
Ernst BERGER
Are UFOs Poisson-Distribuited?
65-71
Abstract: This paper introduces a new concept in the study of UFO waves. Little has been done with the abundant wave data of the past. The POISSON distribution, a statistical distribution for random and rare occurrences, is explained and applied to the author's data on the 1954 fall wave at Austria. It is shown that the 94 cases reported in the 12 week-period are not related in a casual sense and therefore no 'outside driving force', but a heavy publicistic amplification effect on the reporting of new cases is likely to have produced the 'wave' structure. As the POISSON concept may shake several other 'wave' structures at closer examination, general effects of this Austrian result and possible further tests on the validity of the concept are discussed.
Roberto DORETTI, Roberto FARABONE
A Statistical Approach to the UFO Basic Data for the Institution of an "Recognition Filter"
72-105
Abstract: This paper aims to show a new statistical method to process data interesting UFO research. Mainly it is shown how one can gather data referring to the same set of phenomena or similar type objects, out of the spread-out group of UFO reports. All this will be obtained through the analysis of statistical relations shown by the different sets of data under quantitative aspects through the analysis of correlation coefficients among one sight and the other ones. After a theoretical explanation we will present an easy example which may show in practice to implement such a research. Anyway this example refers to a real situation, even if the set of data is not a very large one, but which is a typical and frequent case. The most important conclusion drawn which appears from this numerical set, the 'filter', in fact allows to recognize the phenomenon besides imprecision and randomness of the gathered data.
Call for Papers
107
Letters to the Editors
Frank B. SALISBURY
Biology and CE III: Raising the Debate
109-110
Roberto FARABONE
The Problem of Terminology
110-111
UFO Research in Italy
111-112
Book Reviews
Michael L. BROYLES
Ufology
113-114
Writing Scientific Papers in English
114-115
Michael L. BROYLES
Quarter Century Studies of UFO's in Florida North Carolina and Tennessee
115
Periodical Publications in UFO Area
116
Francesco IZZO
State of Art?
117-118
Acknowledgements
118
UFO PHENOMENA an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena VOL. II N. 1 1977 Editecs, Bologna
A comparative analysis of 62 "solid light" beam cases
11-50
Abstract: Witnesses of UFO related events have repeatedly mentioned the fact that the anomalous objects observed by them emitted one or several solid looking, slowly propagating light beams ('solid light' beams).
A comparative analysis of 62 cases of this type is presented. It is shown that the characteristic of 'solid light' beams are remarkably constant: uniform luminosity; sharply defined edges; low propagation velocity; conical or cylindrical shape; and (sometimes) propagation along a curved path.
GATHERING and PROCESSING of DATA
Ernst BERGER
Austrian UFO Patterns
53-89
Abstract: 54 sporadic and 31 local flap reports (on a total of 127 objects/phenomena), 56 of them investigated personally at their original sites by the author, are compared statistically. The first data set consists of cases all over Austria reported by 89 observers during 5 years; the second one is from Traunstein area of Lower Austria with 34 local witnesses (13 reporting) and three years of sightings. The data are similar with regard to time of day, duration, number of objects, shape, size and motion of the phenomenon, but other observed characteristics show deviations. Austrian UFO patterns are extracted and compared with the results of statistical studies by HANSEN, POHER and VALLEE.
The "CE III"
Claude RIFAT
In the Locus Coeruleus, an important anatomical center of the brain, involved in the most bizarre aspects of UFO Report? The induced dream hypothesis
93-120
Abstract: This paper deals with an hypothesis, first proposed by Guérin, which might help in appraising the weird content of UFO reports defined as 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' by Hynek.
The Locus Coeruleus is a small but very important part of the mammalian brains: it would be the inducing mechanism of what we call 'dreaming'. The author suggests that UFOs seen at a close range, and in which the so-called occupants are 'sighted', interfere with the normal functioning of the brain in the waking state by acting on the Locus Coeruleus. The most important conclusion of this work is that UFO reports of that type do not give us any indication on the true stimulus which elicited the report; they give us only what the subject fancies about the nature of a UFO.
If we consider these puzzling reports from this vantage point, a better understanding of bizarre events associated to those occurrences might result. Close Encounters of the Third Kind are LSD-like experiences in which a subject perceives a mixture of the real world and of her/his inner unconscious one.
PSYCHOLOGICAL and PERCEPTIVE ASPECTS
Richard F. HAINES
UFO drawings by witnesses and non witnesses: Is there something in common?
Abstract: This paper describes the results of two separate efforts: (1) administration of a specially prepared UFO drawing 'test' to several groups of alleged UFO eye witnesses and non-witnesses, and (2) a relatively comprehensive review of the published UFO literature containing drawings of UFOs by eye witnesses. This was done in order to determine whether or not any differences might be found between the drawings of the two groups in terms of such features as the UFO's width to height ratio, amount and kind of surface detail, presence or absence of other (environmental) scene detail, and other readily quantifiable information. A second and equally important objective was to allow for the development of a UFO Appearance Recognition and Identification Test Procedure which has appeared in the first issue of this journal (Vol.1, no. 1, 1976). It was found that there are not any readily discernable differences between the eye witnesses and the non eye witnesses UFO drawing on the above features. While this evidence does not prove that the two participant groups come from the same population sample or that all UFO witnesses may be merely portraying (through their drawing) a commonly held social stereotype image of what UFOs are supposed to look like, the evidence could be interpreted this way. Another tentative hypothesis raised from these findings is that almost everyone (eye witnesses and non eye witnesses alike) has seen a drawing, photograph, movie, etc. of a UFO at some time in the past (in distinction to having seen an actual UFO) which might account for the similarities between these two sets of drawings. The paper concludes with illustrations of the most common UFO shapes along with their perspective shape/detail codes derived from the previously published paper (referenced above).
EPISTEMOLOGY of the RESEARCH
Luis SCHÖNHERR
The present situation of UFO Research?
155-173
Abstract: This paper compares the present situation of UFO research with the phase in the development and in the structure of a scientific discipline in general. Some of the problems of documentation as well as of the interpretation of UFO reports are touched. Special attention is given to the question of disinformation (if we are to assume that the UFO phenomenon is a manifestation of some unknown intelligence). The necessity of a thesaurus for all UFO-related qualities is stressed and the main advantages of a proposed 'unlimited' machine readable UFO data base are demonstrated. Finally this paper discusses the possible meaning of the prevalence of the extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) in UFO research: Does this hypothesis constitute a methodologically feasible tool or is merely an indication, that UFO research is partly still in a pre-scientific phase?
On the chance of witnessing celestial or aerial events
15-29
Abstract: The chances of witnessing celestial or anomalous aerial events are derived by considering the volume of sky available primarily to the ground-based observer as compared to the entire earth's atmosphere at a height of about 15 kilometers. The fraction of time spent observing compared to a twenty-four hour day and the fraction of volume of sky for observing are also used. Aircraft pilots' and astronomers' chances are also given some consideration. The results are applied to the chances of detecting meteors and anomalous aerial events. The conclusions indicate that the chance of witnessing an anomalous event (UFO) is extremely low and even improbable. Thus reconciliation with data gathered on reports of witnessing anomalous events implies a 'selectivity'. A further conclusion is that the presence of a few fast-moving anomalies could account for the global scale of the reports of anomalous aerial phenomena.
B. S. MACCABEE
Anomalous lights in the daylight sky
31-67
Abstract: Several observers, one of them a technical competent employee of a military installation, observed two very bright lights or luminous objects in a clear, midday, summer sky. The lights were observed to remain apparently stationary and also to approach and recede along different trajectories. The duration of the observation was from three to five minutes. Despite an intensive investigation the objects remain unidentified.
GATHERING and PROCESSING of DATA
W. SMITH, M. GUASP, V. J. BALLESTER OLMOS
Dramatic chase in Spain
71-85
Abstract: A family of five, returning home at night by back roads, was followed by a bright light which chased the car persistently over a distance of about 40 Km for almost an hour.
When approaching the village of Cheste (near Valencia, Spain), the UFO, now at a close range, moved ahead and above the car, and extended legs.
The incident was terminated by the approach of another vehicle, moving in the opposite direction on that usually deserted road. One of the witnesses (age 15) was violently ill during the incident, and indisposed for some time afterwards. Damage to the battery of the automobile was attributed to the incident, and it had to be replaced the following day.
E. BERGER
1954/55 The Austrian share
87-134
Abstract: Masses of UFO experiences were reported at Austria in the 1954/55 period 99 of which remained unidentified. The hard core of the material consists of gendarmerie/police reports collected by the Austrian government and for the first time released to Ernst Berger in 1973. 28 case histories, the most interesting part of the material, are presented in detail. By means of a full statistical analysis methodically equal to an earlier study by BERGER on 1972-77 Austrian report patterns structures of the 1954/55 flap are extracted and compared with the results of VALLEE, BERGER and others.
The "CE III"
J. SCORNAUX
Considerations on the nature of humanoids
137-176
Abstract: The nature of humanoids reported by UFO witnesses remains very controversial. Their existence as intelligent extraterrestrial beings meets very much reticence in the human mind. There is undoubtedly a mental block caused by fear, but there are also more elaborated arguments. The resemblance between Man and humanoids is one of these, but the question of the resemblance that other intelligent beings may bear to us remains very open among biologists. I do not think that human imagination can explain the appearance of humanoids. In general, they resemble us both too much and too little. An argument against the material nature of the humanoids is that their morphology is far too variable from one case to another. Several answers are possible to this objection. But a more fundamental argument is based on the instant or on the spot disappearance of humanoids. I now give a few examples of this behaviour, both in the open air and in confined spaces. I propose the explanation that these cases are projections of images, created either by electromagnetic waves or by some parapsychological means. But all the ufonauts are not images, or perhaps only a part of the observation corresponds to a projection because some of them left footprints or had physical contact with the witnesses. I also give a few examples of such cases. I present several hypotheses about the nature of material humanoids and discuss the concept of a 'reassuring' hypothesis. I propose foe discussion the hypothesis that part of the humanoids might be human beings captured by the beings governing the UFO phenomenon.
PSYCHOLOGICAL and PERCEPTIVE ASPECTS
L. R. SPRINKLE
Using pendulum technique in the investigation of UFO experiences
179-218
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide information about technique for uncovering subconscious memories, so that UFO field investigators may consider the technique for possible use in investigations. The pendulum technique is described, with references to historical development and contemporary usage. Procedures are presented for learning the use of the pendulum technique, including illustrations to guide the interested reader. A brief review is presented of the literature on field investigation of UFO experiences; an emphasis is given to the reports of Close Encounters of the Third Kind (CE III), including reports of 'loss of time', or partial amnesia, which may occur during UFO sightings. Results of using the pendulum technique are described in two UFO cases: one case obtained preliminary information about a possible 'loss of time' experience during a UFO sighting; the second case obtained preliminary information about a possible 'hidden' UFO experience. The UFO cases are presented as examples for preliminary investigation of the CE III experiences. When field investigators obtain information about CE III cases, they are encouraged to consider possible arrangements for a consultant in hypnosis to assist UFO witnesses in exploring and evaluating their subconscious memories of their UFO experiences.
Abstract: In an attempt to evaluate objectively the claims of UFO 'abductees', imaginary abductions were induced hypnotically in a group of volunteers who had non significant knowledge of UFOs. Eight situational questions comprising the major components of a typical abduction account were asked of each subject.
Although the researchers expected major dissimilarities, an averaged comparison of data from four imaginary and four 'real' abduction narratives showed no substantive differences. Also, extensive patterns echoing well-established details from 'real' UFO reports emerged from the 'naive' subjects' imaginary sessions.
There is as yet no satisfactory explanation for the patterns and other similarities between imaginary and 'real' abductions. But, more significantly, there are parallels between these patterns and the 'image constants' or recurrent descriptions of forms, color, and movement reported by subjects in drug-induced hallucination experiments, and in so-called 'death' narratives, among other mental processes. Thus there is reason to accept at least some parts of 'real' abductees' stories as accurate reflections of what their sensory mechanisms have reported.
However, despite the many similarities, there are crucial differences - such as alleged physical effects and multiple witnesses - which argue that UFO abductions are separate and distinct from imaginary and hallucinatory experiences. With these distinctions in mind, an abduction model is proposed:
Witnesses really perceive images - from whatever source - such as bright and pulsating lights, lattice-textured forms moving randomly in the sky, lighted tunnels, humanoid figures, etc. These abduction constants are combined with data from the imagination, memory, and existing UFO data known by witnesses to create a 'real' UFO encounter. The subjective reality of the intense hallucinatory structure convinces the witnesses that the entire experience is a physically real event. Subsequently they may report the 'truth' as they have experienced it, although actual occurrences remain unclear.
The complexities of the UFO phenomenon are affirmed by the above model since still unexplained are many puzzling matters, including the greatest mystery of all, the nature of the stimulus which initiates the imagery in the witness and so triggers the abduction sequence.
The writer prefers a dualistic UFO hypothesis. But while there is a continuing absence of unambiguous physical evidence, this study concludes that UFOs are - in psychological terms - unquestionably real, and further, that non-physical UFO research is promising.
R. F. HAINES
UFO drawings by witnesses and non witnesses: is there somethings in common (part II)
Abstract: Previously, the author found that no readily discernable differences could be found between drawings of 'what a UFO looks like' by people who claims to have seen one from others who claim never to have seen one (Haines, 1977). Since this finding may have resulted simply from the relatively small sample size (136 valid drawings) further tests were administered. The mean results of 458 more valid drawings are presented here. The results may be summarized by pointing out that the 'Have' seen group drew (1) a higher percentage of valid i.e., not ludicrous drawings, (2) a higher percentage of UFO shapes at some angle relative to the edge of the (drawing) card, (3) a higher percentage of two or more shapes on the card, (4) a lower percentage of shapes in side or isometric view, and (5) a lower percentage of symmetrical drawings. Neither the mean width-to-height ratio of the UFO outline shape or its dome (if drawn) differed between the two participant groups. Also, the other major UFO outline and dome measurements were not drawn differently by either group. Finally, and perhaps more significantly, the 'Have' seen group drew a smaller number of miscellaneous details such as apertures (Windows?), markings, wavy lines around the shape, etc. These findings are compared to those obtained in the previous study and discussed in terms of the perceptual impact the UFO encounter appears to have on one's willingness and/or ability to reproduce a UFO shape.
C. RIFAT
A theoretical framework for the problem of non-contact between and advanced extra-terrestrial civilization and mankind: symbolic sequential communication versus non-symbolic non-sequential communication
273-288
Abstract: A general set of ideas is proposed to suggest that advanced extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) might, probably, never be interested in communicating with such a primitive species as ours.
According to the author, symbolic sequential language is the most primitive kind of language intelligent beings may use. Advanced intelligences may better communicate via a non-symbolic non-sequential language, which is able to convey much more bits of information per unit of time at a low cost of distortion, thus nearly eliminating the problem of cloudy symbolic concepts which is so huge a factor of noise in human communication.
What is most interesting is that we may well be in presence of a terrestrial species having evolved a more advanced mode of communication: the dolphin!
EPISTEMOLOGY of the RESEARCH
I. GRATTAN-GUINNESS
Are UFO psychic phenomena?
291-304
Abstract: Students of UFO phenomena nowadays mostly regard their work as a branch of psychical research. In this paper I explore the possibilities of connections and similarities between UFO and psychic phenomena.
IN UFO AREA
M. PITTELLA
A statistical survey among Italian astronomical observatory
307-314
Abstract: This statistical survey was performed between the years 1977 and 1978, among the most important 14 astronomical and astrophysical observatories in Italy. It had the purpose to probe the opinion of a major slice of the Italian scientific community about the UFO subject and to know whether the staff of some observatories had directly sighted some UFO phenomena. This informative test did not supply us with new and unexpected information. However it is a clear document emphasizing the mediocre standard of information and sensibility of the scientific environment upon the UFO question.
Such an investigation, if addressed to other scientific circles too and regularly repeated, could be a suitable way to assess time to time possible developments of the scientific opinion about the UFO subject.
UFO PHENOMENA an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena VOL. IV N. 1 1981 Cooperativa Studi e Iniziative UPIAR, Milano
Abstract: This paper is intended for those UFO investigators who have heard of picture processing by computers, but only have a vague idea of what this actually means. An overview of available digital techniques to enhance and analyze pictures in general is presented, with more emphasis on those features which are of direct interest for analysis of alleged UFO photographs, such as edge enhancement and deblurring. Although mathematical developments have been avoided, some background in mathematical analysis, is required to understand the concepts underlying the techniques presented.
Investigations on an alleged UFO picture are carried out in two steps: establish or reject authenticity, and extract information on the phenomenon. For both steps, specific types of work performed efficiently by digital means are presented; in particular, searching for evidence of hoaxes based on small artifacts, and enhancement of picture quality are considered.
Digital picture processing proves to be a powerful tool for research into photographic evidence of the UFO phenomena, especially when used in conjunction with other means, e.g. optical or chemical analysis of the films.
PHYSICAL ASPECTS
Bruce S. MACCABEE
Technical Analysis of the New Zeland UFO Film: the Ampersand Image
51-74
Abstract: This is the first of two papers which present results of technical analyses of one frame of the New Zealand film obtained by cameraman David Crockett during the early morning of Dec. 31, 1978. A highly summarized version of the New Zealand sightings and an analysis of the ampersand image is presented in this paper. The ampersand image is an image that was smeared by relative motion between the light source and the camera in such a way to produce a complex loop in the form of an ampersand, "&". This paper contains my conclusion that the image might have been generated if the camera bumped into something. In the following paper Richard Haines discusses the experimental results of his test of the 'bump theory'. Flying in a less heavy plane and using a less heavy camera he was unable to create any loop image, even though he intentionally vibrated his camera.
Richard F. HAINES
Comments on Selected Aspects of the New Zeland UFO of Dec. 31, 1978
75-84
Abstract: Experiments were done to determine whether or not a loop image such as is found in frame 1766 of the Crockett film could be duplicated by intentionally vibrating a camera with a telephoto lens. Non loop images were created in these experiments. Results of an analysis of the color changing/oscillating sequence in the Crockett film are also presented, along with some observations on the witnesses with whom I had the opportunity to speak (Startup, Fogarty, Crockett).
PSYCHOLOGICAL and PERCEPTIVE ASPECTS
Alexander G. KEUL
The Dark Side of the UFO
91-111
Abstract: By surveying 30 years of UFO literature and studying 100 Austrian UFO reports in the field, Luis Sch�nherr and Ernst Berger have found a 'dark side', i.e. A force field of psychosocial and pathological influences in UFO experiences. In this paper , the latter shows how these influences can be traced in published, old cases and studied experimentally by means of clinical psychology and psychiatry in recent events. Detection of the 'dark side' should result in a new, witness-centered investigation technique particularly for 'close encounters' and through the application of a different scientific attitude towards the whole UFO phenomenology. A review of papers including 'dark side' viewpoints is given. The material generated in the behavioral sciences lends support to the author's opinion that the UFO problem is primarily linked to the 'human-self-portrait' of our time, which is the degree of scientifically-based awareness the UFO researcher has of himself and of the witness. It is hypothesized that progress in the psychosocial disciplines will gradually brighten the 'dark side' of the UFO, if no a priori reductions are made.
Luis SCHÖNHERR
Perciepient-Dependent Components in the UFO Experiences
113-165
Abstract: This paper demonstrates that in general UFO literature cases can be found which display details, that are strangely related to the percipient's memory, his psychic and physical situation.
I have called them 'percipient-dependent-components' abbreviated 'PDCs'. It is recommended that PDCs found in UFO experiences should be considered as essential, integral parts of the phenomenon and not as random, in the final analysis non-significant distortions.
Consequently a working hypothesis concerning the inherent dualistic nature of the UFO phenomenon is proposed. Finally the perception structure of and a possible primary cause for UFO experiences are discussed from various aspects.
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