Libriufo

UFO PHENOMENA
an international annual review devoted to the scientific study of ufo phenomena
VOL. IV N. 1 1981
Cooperativa Studi e Iniziative UPIAR, Milano

Editor: Roberto FARABONE

Name: Keul, Alexander G. (1954); Siegel, Ronald K.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Editorial`
R. FARABONE, F. IZZO, R. CABASSI	We Are Not Alone	3-12

	`GATHERING and PROCESSING of DATA`
François LOUANGE	Digital UFO Picture Analysis	19-48
	Abstract: This paper is intended for those UFO investigators who have heard of picture processing by computers, but only have a vague idea of what this actually means. An overview of available digital techniques to enhance and analyze pictures in general is presented, with more emphasis on those features which are of direct interest for analysis of alleged UFO photographs, such as edge enhancement and deblurring. Although mathematical developments have been avoided, some background in mathematical analysis, is required to understand the concepts underlying the techniques presented. Investigations on an alleged UFO picture are carried out in two steps: establish or reject authenticity, and extract information on the phenomenon. For both steps, specific types of work performed efficiently by digital means are presented; in particular, searching for evidence of hoaxes based on small artifacts, and enhancement of picture quality are considered. Digital picture processing proves to be a powerful tool for research into photographic evidence of the UFO phenomena, especially when used in conjunction with other means, e.g. optical or chemical analysis of the films.

	`PHYSICAL ASPECTS`
Bruce S. MACCABEE	Technical Analysis of the New Zeland UFO Film: the Ampersand Image	51-74
	Abstract: This is the first of two papers which present results of technical analyses of one frame of the New Zealand film obtained by cameraman David Crockett during the early morning of Dec. 31, 1978. A highly summarized version of the New Zealand sightings and an analysis of the ampersand image is presented in this paper. The ampersand image is an image that was smeared by relative motion between the light source and the camera in such a way to produce a complex loop in the form of an ampersand, "&". This paper contains my conclusion that the image might have been generated if the camera bumped into something. In the following paper Richard Haines discusses the experimental results of his test of the 'bump theory'. Flying in a less heavy plane and using a less heavy camera he was unable to create any loop image, even though he intentionally vibrated his camera.
Richard F. HAINES	Comments on Selected Aspects of the New Zeland UFO of Dec. 31, 1978	75-84
	Abstract: `Experiments were done to determine whether or not a loop image such as is found in frame 1766 of the Crockett film could be duplicated by intentionally vibrating a camera with a telephoto lens. Non loop images were created in these experiments. Results of an analysis of the color changing/oscillating sequence in the Crockett film are also presented, along with some observations on the witnesses with whom I had the opportunity to speak (Startup, Fogarty, Crockett).`

	`PSYCHOLOGICAL and PERCEPTIVE ASPECTS`
Alexander G. KEUL	The Dark Side of the UFO	91-111
	Abstract: By surveying 30 years of UFO literature and studying 100 Austrian UFO reports in the field, Luis Sch�nherr and Ernst Berger have found a 'dark side', i.e. A force field of psychosocial and pathological influences in UFO experiences. In this paper , the latter shows how these influences can be traced in published, old cases and studied experimentally by means of clinical psychology and psychiatry in recent events. Detection of the 'dark side' should result in a new, witness-centered investigation technique particularly for 'close encounters' and through the application of a different scientific attitude towards the whole UFO phenomenology. A review of papers including 'dark side' viewpoints is given. The material generated in the behavioral sciences lends support to the author's opinion that the UFO problem is primarily linked to the 'human-self-portrait' of our time, which is the degree of scientifically-based awareness the UFO researcher has of himself and of the witness. It is hypothesized that progress in the psychosocial disciplines will gradually brighten the 'dark side' of the UFO, if no a priori reductions are made.
Luis SCHÖNHERR	Perciepient-Dependent Components in the UFO Experiences	113-165
	Abstract: This paper demonstrates that in general UFO literature cases can be found which display details, that are strangely related to the percipient's memory, his psychic and physical situation. I have called them 'percipient-dependent-components' abbreviated 'PDCs'. It is recommended that PDCs found in UFO experiences should be considered as essential, integral parts of the phenomenon and not as random, in the final analysis non-significant distortions. Consequently a working hypothesis concerning the inherent dualistic nature of the UFO phenomenon is proposed. Finally the perception structure of and a possible primary cause for UFO experiences are discussed from various aspects.

	`Book Reviews`
Francesco IZZO	Richard F. HAINES, OBSERVING UFOs	169-176
	Review: Richard F. HAINES,OBSERVING UFOs - 1980
	Pedro REDÓN (ed.), ACTAS DEL PRIMER CONGRESO NACIONAL DE UFOLOGÍA: Ponencias técnicas	177-180
	Review: Pedro REDÓN (ed.),ACTAS DEL PRIMER CONGRESO NACIONAL DE UFOLOGÍA: Ponencias técnicas - 1978
Francesco IZZO	Richard F. HAINES (ed.), UFO PHENOMENA AND THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST	181-189
	Review: Richard F. HAINES (ed.),UFO PHENOMENA AND THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST - 1979

	`In Short`
	THE FUND FOR UFO RESEARCH	187-191

	UPIAR Forum	192-197

Alexander G. KEUL	State of Art	198-203

	Books and Journals Received	204-206

	Subject Index

	Abstracts

Author: Roberto FARABONE (ed.)
Title: INTERNATIONAL UPIAR COLLOQUIUM ON HUMAN SCIENCES AND UFO PHENOMENA - Proceedings - Salzburg, July 26-29, 1982

Publisher: UPIAR, Milano

Serie: Upiar Monograph

Year: 1983

Pages: 173

Name: Keul, Alexander G. (1954); Donderi, Don C. (1937); Evans, Hilary (1929 - 2011); Farabone, Roberto (1944); Izzo, Francesco; Lawson, Alvin H.; Maugé, Claude (1946); Mulacz, Wilhelm Peter; Schönherr, Luis; Scott, Malcolm; Toselli, Paolo (1960)

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Roberto FARABONE	Monograph Presentation	1-2

Francesco IZZO	The Scandal is 0,7%	5-8

Roberto FARABONE	Carateristique du colloque	9-11

Alexander G. KEUL	What Could Be This?	15-20
	Abstract: `Probing the independent variable in UFO reports by projective personality tests and anamnesis. A short review of diagnostic methods able to uncover unconscious material of the UFO witness. The RORSCHACH inkblot technique - its possibilities and its limitations.`

Paolo TOSELLI	Examining the IFO Cases: the Human Factor	21-50
	(French translation OVNI VERS UNE ANTHROPOLOGIE D'UN MYTHE CONTEMPORAIN Dimensions Humaines /1993 L'examen des cas d'objects volants identifiés (OVI): le facteur humain)
	Abstract: In past years, all of the well known 'ufologists' realized that misperceptions or misinterpretations of aircrafts, weather balloons, meteors, twinkling stars and other man-made or natural events account for many initial UFO reports. Nevertheless, this acceptance of the IFO phenomenon - viz. the identified cases - doesn't exceed the simple remark of its existence. In fact, according to these persons, the reports that remain when these 'false sightings' have been eliminated an altogether different character. But some recent work has largely pointed out that the IFO and UFO event contain very similar (or the same?) 'patterns'. The fear and the emotions produced by both IFO and UFO events have tones of the same intensity, without any practical differentiation. The purpose of this paper is to provide information about the numerous problems associated with the physical, physiological, psychological and social processes involved in most IFO (and UFO) cases, and to suggest a probable interpretation of the conscious and subconscious events that lead the witness to read the same specific 'UFO model' into a IFO sighting. We have, moreover, tried to distinguish various kinds of IFO reports, by proposing three different 'transposition levels' that could replace the inadequate, though still used, generalization of 'misinterpretation' or 'misperception'. Without having to introduce the assumption of an 'altered state of consciousness' or other 'pathological' processes in the witness, we think that the IFO 'experience' is - even considering its repetitive and collective nature - a very common self developed, human process, principally generated by some basic psychological, psychophysical and social events with the co-operation of the folklore and the myth surrounding the whole UFO subject.

Don C. DONDERI	Signal Detection Theory As a Method for the Retrospective Evaluation of UFO Witnesses	53-63
	Abstract: A sound general principle in psychology is that a psychological test should simulate closely the behavior it is intended to predict. We are trying to predict retrospectively the reliability of UFO witnesses. The witness reports are accounts of visual experiences. The problem is to decide whether these reports closely approximate real physical events, or whether they were generated independently of real physical events. The closest experimental model of the real situation is the signal detection experiment. Signal detection theory is a general formulation of the relationship between stimulus and the response which permits an observer's responses: hits, misses, false positives, and discriminability and response bias. Stimulus discriminability is a measure of the ease with which the stimulus can be detected. It reflects individual differences in sensitivity, as well as the physical detectability of the stimulus. Our interest is in the measure of response bias, defined as a tendency to respond positively in the absence of the stimulus. We wish to discount the reports of the observers who are susceptible to response bias, and credit more strongly the reports of observers who show relatively little response bias. A retrospective signal detection theory test which measures a witness' response bias under the pretext of studying the characteristics of the reported sighting, will be presented. The test requires minimum of apparatus and can be carried out quickly as a part of a witness interview.

Alvin H. LAWSON	Birth Trauma Imagery in CE-III Narratives: A Testable Hypothesis for the Origin of Fallacious Abduction Reports	65-117
	Abstract: The imagery and events in UFO abduction reports resemble those in several psychological processes, but they are especially similar to revivified birth trauma (BT) narratives. The incipience, universality, and idiosyncratic quality of BT events suggest a likely psychological (non-exotic) source for alleged abduction experiences. These qualities also help explain the many parallels and the minor differences in CE-III reports from witnesses in diverses as well as comparable cultures. The paper presents extensive abduction/BT parallels, taken from abductees' and revivification subjects' narratives. A prominent abduction case (Betty Andreasson's) is analyzed for BT imagery and events, and the study finds pervasive evidence for concluding that the Andreasson experience was essentially a BT revivification. The main points of the paper are: 1) BT data relate to a witness's perinatal history and psychology rather than to UFO events, and so their presence invalidates any CE-III narrative in part or whole; 2) BT elements therefore provide a criterion which can help determine false abduction reports from any that may reflect actual events; and 3) the BT hypothesis is testable through such means of researching abductees' birth histories as familiar interviews, scrutiny of narratives, and hypnotic regression. Multiple witness abductions cannot yet be dismissed, but probably relate to multiple hallucinations, while physical effects CE-IIIs remain ambiguous. Ufologists are urged to approach abduction cases not as exotic events but as genuine psychological phenomena, in order to make fundable CE-III studies more feasible.

Alexander G. KEUL	Inside the Window	121-124
	Abstract: `A framework for the eighties. Instead of 'looking out of the window together with the (unknown) witness' several disciplines of the social and medical sciences are invited to study the psychosocial roots of the UFO report generation and reception. Focusing on the 'human factor' leads to interdisciplinary contacts with religion, the arts, mythology, psychoanalysis, mass media research, politology, parapsychology, psychopathology and neurology.`

Hilary EVANS	Abducted by an Archetype	127-139
	Abstract: Accounts of alleged abductions by UFOs are generally unsubstantiated by objective evidence, unconfirmed by supporting witnesses and based on purely subjective testimony. It is therefore logical to start by supposing them to be mental rather than physical experiences, and indeed cases exist where this is known to be the case. One feature alone speaks in favour of the physical reality of such accounts - their consistency one with another, which obtains not only in broad outline, but in specific detail. Can this consistency be taken as evidence for the veridical nature of the experience, or are there explanations in psychological and sociocultural terms? Some findings are relevant: (1) The De Herrera/Lawson experiments show that similar accounts can be obtained from subjects who not only do not claim UFO abduction experiences, but deny interest in or detailed knowledge of the UFO phenomenon: these fictitious encounters mimic the 'true' accounts in remarkable detail. (2) Meheust's study of parallels between abduction experiences and science fiction indicates the prevalence of such accounts pre-dating the current UFO era, thus lending support to a cultural, almost folk-lore explanation. (3) Monnerie and Hendry, independently, have demonstrated the ability of sincere witnesses to fabricate 'alien' sightings from what are known to be natural or made-man stimuli. Taken together, these findings suggest that percipients are able to draw some common source of UFO-imagery, an image-bank perhaps to be compared with Jung's archetypes, from whose material they fabricate imagined experiences, motivated by private or social forces. The mental process may be that noted in divided- personality cases by Prince and others. A model is therefore proposed which supposes that the percipient, having lapsed or been induced into an altered state of consciousness, has fed into his conscious mind the illusion of undergoing a UFO experience, fabricated by his own unconscious from a combination of subjectively derived and archetypal material. While such a model does not rule out the possibility of some abduction cases being genuine, it offers a plausible explanation for those which are known or suspected to be false, but which none the less display disconcertingly vivid and detailed correspondences with other cases.

Alexander G. KEUL	Five Selected Cases	141-145
	Abstract: `Typical case histories from the 1980/81 Austrian and English cross-cultural UFO witness projects. Tape passages, diaslides and psychological test details illustrate positive and negative reporter profiles.`

Luis SCHÖNHERR	Position Statement	149

Wilhelm Peter MULACZ	Parapsychology and Ufology	151-152

Malcolm SCOTT	UFOs, the Paranormal and Personality - An Interim Assessment	153-156

Claude MAUGÉ	La psychiatrie face au phénomène OVNI [French]	157-168

Roberto FARABONE	The UPIAR Concept	171-173

Authors: Hilary EVANS, John SPENCER (eds.)
Title: UFOs 1947-1987: THE 40 YEAR SEARCH FOR AN EXPLANATION

ISBN: 1-87002-102-9

Publisher: Fortean Tomes, London

Year: 1987

Pages: 383

Name: Keul, Alexander G. (1954); Phillips, Ken; Ballester Olmos, Vicente-Juan (1948); Bougard, Michel (1947); Chalker, William (Bill) Clifford (1952); Evans, Hilary (1929 - 2011); Haines, Richard F. (1937); Hansen, Kim; Hind, Cynthia (1923 - 2000); Hough, Peter; Keel, John A. (1930 - 2009); Liljegren, Anders (1950); Maugé, Claude (1946); McCampbell, James M. (1924 - 2008); Roberts, Andy (1956); Rzepecki, Bronislaw; Shough, Martin; Smith, Willy (1921 - 2006); Spencer, John; Stringfield, Leonard H. (1920 - 1994); Svahn, Clas (1959); Vallée, Jacques (1939); Verga, Maurizio (1963); Vincente, Enrique; Watson, Nigel (1954)

CONTENTS

	Author	Title	Pag

	H.E. , J.S.	Preface

		`Introduction`
	Hilary EVANS	UFOs 1947 -1987

		`The Phenomena`
	Hilary EVANS	UFOs before 1947
	Michel BOUGARD	UFOs throughout history
	Nigel WATSON	Before the "Flying saucers" came
	Anders LILJEGREN, Clas SVAHN	The ghost rockets
	Hilary EVANS	UFOin 1947
	John A. KEEL	The Maury Island caper
	Hilary EVANS	UFOs as a "global phenomenon"
	Kim HANSEN	UFO casebook (13 case histories)
	Cynthia HIND	UFOs and the African tribal system
	Willy SMITH	UFOs in Latin America
	Enrique VINCENTE	UFOs in Soviet Union
	Bronislaw RZEPECKI	UFOs in Poland
	Peter HOUGH	UFO occupants
	Hilary EVANS, John SPENCER	Contactees and abductions
	Leonard H. STRINGFIELD	The chase for proof in a squirrel cage
	Andy ROBERTS	Saucerful of secret
	Claude MAUGÉ	UFO statistics

		`Assessing the Phenomena`
	Hilary EVANS	Assessing the Phenomena
	Richard HAINES	Defining the UFO
	Vicente-Juan BALLESTER OLMOS	Investigating the UFO
	Bill CHALKER	Physical traces
	Maurizio VERGA	Physical traces: real evidence?
	James McCAMPBELL	Effects of UFOs upon people
	Martin L. SHOUGH	Radar and the UFO
	Alexander KEUL, Ken PHILLIPS	Assessing the witness

	John SPENCER, Jacques VALLÉE, Maurizio VERGA	Computers in ufology

OVNI Présence
Special Grande Bretagna
N. 37/38 Juillet - Aout 1987
AESV

Editor: Perry PETRAKIS

Name: Keul, Alexander G. (1954); Phillips, Ken; Scornaux, Jacques (1946)

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Edito`
	Very british	3

	`Clips and claps`
	Happy birthday!	3
	Emois... et vous ?	3
	Y-a-t-il un ufologue dans l'avion?	3

	`Who's who`
	Vous allez avoir affaire à eux!	4

	`Repérages`
Jenny RANDLES	Transmanche express Survoul de l'ufologique Albion	5-8
J. R.	BUFORA Bulletin - Journal of Transient Aerial Phenomena	5
J. R.	Magonia - Northern Ufo News - UFO Brigantia	6
J. R.	New Scientist - The Unknown -Flying Saucer Review	7
J. R.	Quest	8

	`Non-identifie`
Paul FULLER	Du blé en ronds Histoire de cercles vicieux	9-17
Paul FULLER	1986 Lorsque l'étrangeté croît...	14
	L'hypothèse des RPV	16

	`Clips and claps`
	Les E.T. a quatre pates	17
	Les varroa en Avignon	17
	C'est cher... mais bien!	17
	Il parait que...	17
	Book:Jean-Noël KAPFERER,RUMEURS - 1987
	Fauve qui peut!	17
	Ils sont très forts	17
	Book:Michel MEURGER, Claude GAGNON,MONSTRES DES LACS DU QUÉBEC - MYTHES ET TROUBLANTES RÉALITÉS - 1982

	`Etude`
David CLARKE, Granville OLDROYD	Les lueurs fantômes Une nouvelle approche	18-19
Nigel WATSON	"Projet aéronef" Étranges aéronefs en 1913	20-22

Thierry PINVIDIC	L'airship de 1897	22
	Book:Jean SIDER,L'AIRSHIP DE 1897 - 1987

	`La chronique des OVI`
Graham BIRDSALL	Adel Des ovnis sur la ville	23

	`En couverture`
Jenny RANDLES	L'arbre qui cache la forêt ? Crash en Rendlesham Forest	24-29

T. PINVIDIC	Aux archives !	29

	Les contes d'un scieur de branches	29
	Book:Thierry PINVIDIC, Jacques SCORNAUX,LES CONTES D'UN SCIEUR DE BRANCHES - 1988

	`Etude`
Alexander KEUL, Ken PHILLIPS	Lumières sur le témoin Constatations sur la psychologie des témoins	30-32
	(Translated by Jacques SCORNAUX)
Claude MAUGÉ	A propos d'une étude	31

	La saga des soucoupes	32

	`Clips and claps`
	UFOs 1947-1987	32
	Book:Hilary EVANS, John SPENCER (eds.),UFOs 1947-1987: THE 40 YEAR SEARCH FOR AN EXPLANATION - 1987
	C'est la bonne cette fois!	32

	`L'interview`
	Hilary Evans	33-35

	`Impressions`
Frédéric DUMERCHAT	Fantastiques kidnappings... Des fées aux extra-terrestres...	36-37
	Review: John RIMMER,THE EVIDENCE FOR ALIEN ABDUCTIONS - 1984
H. E.	Fortean Times	37
Bertrand MÉHEUST	Le producer d'Hilary Evans	38-39
	Review: Hilary EVANS,VISIONS, APPARITIONS, ALIEN VISITORS - 1984

	Passez aux actes!	39

Authors: Vicente-Juan BALLESTER OLMOS, Richard W. HEIDEN
Title: The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony
Color Edition

Editor: Vicente-juan BALLESTER OLMOS, Richard W. HEIDEN

ISBN13: 979-12-8144-100-2

Publisher: UPIAR, Torino

Year: 2023

Pages: 711

Name: Keul, Alexander G. (1954); Abrassart, Jean-Michel (1976); Albright, Thomas D.; Ares De Blas, Félix (1947); Badfield Douglass, Amy; Ballester Olmos, Vicente-Juan (1948); Berché Cruz, Carles; Borraz Aymerich, Manuel (1961); Bullard, Thomas Eddie (1949); Callahan, Tim; Campo Pérez, Ricardo (1965); Carlson, James T.; Conesa-Sevilla, Jorge; da Silva, Luiz Augusto L.; Das, Surabhi; Delaval, Marcel (1945); Dodier, Oliver; Dumerchat, Frédéric (1954); Forrest, David; French, Christopher; García Cabria, Ignacio (1955); Guasp, Miguel (1953); Haines, Richard F. (1937); Heiden, Richard W. ; Huston, Peter; Ickinger, Jochen (1961); Kelley, Stephanie M.; Krippner, Stanley C.; Lansley, Hélène; Leduc, Marc (1947); Magin, Ulrich (1962); Maillot, Eric (1959); Martins, Leonardo B.; Maugé, Claude (1946); Mavrakis, Daniel (1960); Meena, Subhash; Myers, Craig R.; Newman, Leonard S.; Nickell, Joe (1944); Noll, Richard; Oberg, James E. (1944); Palmer, Susan J. (1946); Passot, Xavier; Peiniger, Hans-werner; Plaza del Olmos, Julio; Posner, Gary P.; Printy, Tim (1959); Rabeyron, Thomas; Raduga, Michael; Reis, Carlos; Robé, Raoul (1958); Rospars, Jean-Pierre (1948); Ruesga Montiel, Josè (1947); Scribner, Scott R.; Sharps, Matthew J.; Suenaga, Cláudio Tsuyoshi; Van Utrecht, Wim (1959); Watson, Nigel (1954); Wheeler, Gregory J.; White, Luise; Young, Robert R. (1944)

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Vicente-Juan BALLESTER OLMOS, Richard W. HEIDEN	Introduction	9-18

Leonard S. NEWMAN	Foreword	19-22

	`I. Case Studies`
Vicente-Juan BALLESTER OLMOS	Memory Games: A False Recall Episode
Tim CALLAHAN	The Phoenix Lights: The Fallibility of Human Perception and Memory
James T. CARLSON	Missile Flights and Fantasies
Peter HUSTON	Meeting the Abductees: Betty Hill, Richard Price & Others
Alexander G. KEUL	Investigating Ball Lightning Eyewitness Report
Eric MAILLOT, Jean-Michel ABRASSART	Very Close Encounter with a UAP in Levitation
Claude MAUGÉ	The Raël Rael, UFO Contactee and the Last Prophet
Craig R. MYERS	The MUFON-ian Candidate: The Gulf Breeze UFO Case as Political Contest
Joe NICKELL	The Pascagoula Abduction: A Case of Hypnagogia?
James OBERG	Misinterpretations of Fireball Swarms from Satellite Reentries
Susan J. PALMER	When Testimony Becomes Testament: The Case of Raël, UFO Prophet, and the Question of Witness Reliability
Gary P. POSNER	The Legendary Cash-Landrum Case: Radiation Sickness from a Close Encounter?
Tim PRINTY	The Weinstein Catalog: Ufological Bullion or Fool's Gold?
Josè RUESGA MONTIEL	The Changing Case of Próspera Muñoz: An Abduction Remembered Over 41 years?
Wim VAN UTRECHT	Lunar Terror in Poland: A Doctor's Dilemma
Nigel WATSON	On The Credibility of the Barney & Betty Hill Abduction Case
Robert R. YOUNG	Metamorphosis: Claimed Witness Accounts of the Great Lakes Fireball Of December 9, 1965

	`II. Psychological Perspectives`
Thomas D. ALBRIGHT	On Eyewitness Reports of Extraterrestrial Life	241
Jorge CONESA-SEVILLA	Close Encounters of the "Other" Kind: On the Psycology of "Alien Abdcutions"	257
Oliver DODIER	Dissociation and Alien Abduction Allegation	266
David FORREST	Alien Abduction: Takeaways	275
Christopher C. FRENCH	Hypnotic Regression and False Memories	283
Stanley C. KRIPPNER	Aliens, UFOs, and Personal Schemas	295
Hélène LANSLEY, Thomas RABEYRON	Clinical Approach to UFO Sightings and Alien Abductions	299
Claude MAUGÉ	Manuel Jimenez and the Perception of UFOs: Hypotheses and Experiments	313
Subhash MEENA, Surabhi DAS	Cognition and Memory Distortion Behind UFO Testimonies	331
Giulio PERROTTA	Clinical Evidence in the Italian Phenomenon of Alien Abduction	339
Scott R. SCRIBNER, Gregory J. WHEELER	From "I Witnessed..." to Established Hypothesis: UFO Cultures and Contexts	355
Matthew J. SHARPS	Forensic Cognitive Science and the UFO Phenomenon	368

	`III. On Witness Testimony`
Manuel BORRAZ AYMERICH	UFOs: The Role of Perceptual Illusions in the Endurance of an Empirical Myth	387
Thomas E. BULLARD	Calibrating the Instrument: How Reliable Is Eyewitness Testimony?	402
Ricardo CAMPO PÉREZ	Bizarre Accounts: Remarkable Missile Sightings from the Canary Islands in the 1970s	419
Luiz Augusto L. DA SILVA	Some Considerations About the Behavior and Reliability of UAP Eyewitnesses	433
Marcel DELAVAL	UFO Myth Propagation Before the Arrival of Social Networks	440
Richard F. HAINES	Witness Reliability: Accuracy - Reliability of Pilots - Personal Honor	447
Jochen ICKINGER	Memories Are not Documentaries: The Weakest Link in the Chain of UFO Evidence	454
Ulrich MAGIN	Thress Simple Tests of Eyewitness Reliability	467
Daniel MAVRAKIS	Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony in Extreme Close Encounters: "Abductees" and "Contactees"	472
Richard NOLL	Satanists, Aliens and Me	488
Xavier PASSOT	The UFO Testimony Reliability from 2000 GEIPAN Reports	497
Julio PLAZA DEL OLMOS	Data are Worth a Thousand Accounts	504
Cláudio Tsuyoshi SUENAGA	The Objectivity of Witnesses and the Subjectivity of Testimonies	513
Luise WHITE	Aliens Are Good to Talk With	524

	`IV. Empirical Research`
Carles BERCHÉ CRUZ	Alien Delusions: Some (Real) Clinical Cases	531
Stephanie KELLEY-ROMANO, Amy BADFIELD DOUGLASS	Memory Distortion in a Social Judgement: People who Report Contact with Aliens are More Susceptible	537
Hans-werner PEINIGER	It Was as Large as the Full Moon	551
Hans-Werner PEINIGER	When a Fire Balloon Transforms in a UFO	556
Michael RADUGA	Bedtime Alien Abduction Stories: A Checklist to Detect its Dreaming Nature	562
Raoul ROBÉ	Fantasy Imagery and UFO Testimonies	570
Jean-Pierre ROSPARS	Abilities and Limitations of Eyewitnesses Assessed on Atmospheric Entries of Meteoroids and Artificial Satellites	585

	`V. Anthropological Approach`
Ignacio CABRIA	Inside a Spaceship: Cognitive and Social Adpects of an Alien Contact	605
Frédéric DUMERCHAT	Alien Big Cats and UFO Testimonies: Similarities and Questions	615
Carlos REIS	Belief in Aliens and the Imaginary: A Transdisciplinary Approach	632

	`VI. Metrics and Scaling`
Vicente-juan BALLESTER OLMOS, Miguel GUASP	Measuring the Subjectivity of UFO Testimony	651
Marc LEDUC	The Reliability of the UFO Sighting Story	656

	`VII. Epistemological Issues`
Félix ARES DE BLAS	On The Fallacy of the Residue	673
Leonardo B. MARTINS	Scientific Case Studies: Research Guidelines for Dealing with the Lack of Reliability of UDO/UAP Testimonies	681

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