Libriufo

Journal of Scientific Exploration
A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration
Volume 1 Number 1 1987
Society for Scientific Exploration

Editor: Ronald A. HOWARD

Name: Dunne, Brenda J.; Nelson, Roger D.; Jahn, Robert G.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Ronald A. HOWARD	Editorial	i

Peter A. STURROCK	A Brief History of the Society for Scientific Exploration	1-2

David F. HALL, Susan J. McFEATERS, Elisabeth F. LOFTUS	Alterations in Recollection of Unusual and Unexpected Events	3-10

Richard G. FOWLER	Toward a Quantitative Theory of Intellectual Discovery (Especially in Physics)	11-20
	Abstract: By the study of time intervals in a subjective yet consistently chosen temporally ordered list of the critical ideas which comprise Physics, a quantitative theory of the growth of these ideas is inferred which takes the entirely plausible form that the rate of growth of ideas is proportional to the totality of known ideas multiplied by the totality of people in the world. There is some slight titillating indication in the data that the rate of fundamental discovery in Physics has been decreasing abnormally over the past 50 years.

R. G. JAHN, B. J. DUNNE, R. D. NELSON	Engineering Anomalies Research	21-50
	Abstract: Anomalous consciousness-related phenomena of possible relevance to basic physical science and modern engineering practice are addressed experimentally and theoretically in an effort to identify those devices, systems, and processes most likely to display operator-related anomalies in their performance, and to illuminate the characteristics of such aberrations. Three interrelated sectors of effort are pursued: the design, implementation, operation, and interpretation of experiments in low-level psychokinesis; the development of analytical methodologies for quantitative assessment of precognitive remote perception data; and the development of theoretical models useful for correlation of the experimental data, design of better experiments, and explication of the phenomena on fundamental grounds. The primary effect observed in the psychokinesis experiments is a marginal but replicable shift of the mean of output count distributions with respect to empirical baselines or theoretical expectations, with no discernible alterations in any higher moments. Over large data bases, these mean shifts can compound with considerable statistical regularity to high levels of significance, depending on the particular operator, the direction of effort, and other prevailing experimental conditions. In many cases, individual operator "signatures" of achievement are found to transfer across various experimental devices, including some driven by deterministic pseudo-random sources. Quantitative analysis of a large data base of remote perception experiments reveals similar departures from chance expectation of the degree of target information acquired by anomalous means. Digital scoring techniques based on a spectrum of 30 binary descriptors, applied to all targets and perceptions in the experimental pool, consistently indicate acquisition of substantial topical and impressionistic information about remote geographical locations inaccessible by known sensory channels. The degree of such anomalous information acquisition appears independent of the spatial separation of the percipient from the target, up to global distances, and also independent of the temporal separation of the perception effort from the time of target specification by the agent, up to periods of precognition or retrocognition of several days. In an attempt to illuminate these empirical results, a theoretical model has been proposed that invokes quantum mechanical metaphors to describe the interaction of consciousness with its environment. By representing consciousness by quantum mechanical wave functions and its physical environment by appropriate potential energy profiles, Schrodinger wave mechanics may be used to define eigenfunctions and eigenvalues indicative of psychological and physical experience, both normal and anomalous, in a form applicable to the experimental designs. The experimental results in hand, along with the generic predictions of the theoretical model, suggest numerous short and longer term practical applications of the phenomena, and raise basic issues about the role of consciousness in the establishment of reality.

Henry H. BAUER	Society and Scientific Anomalies: Common Knowledge About the Loch Ness Monster	51-74
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 1 Number 2 June/1988 - Comments on Bauer's "Loch Ness Monster," Volume 1, Number 1, 1987 [Westman, James]

P. A. STURROCK	An Analysis of the Condon Report on the Colorado UFO Project	75-100
	Abstract: The "Condon Report," presenting the findings of the Colorado Project on a scientific study of unidentified flying objects, has been and remains the most influential public document concerning the scientific status of this problem. Hence, all current scientific work on the UFO problem must make reference to the Condon Report. For this reason, it remains important to understand the contents of this report, the work on which the report is based, and the relationship of the "Summary of the Study" and "Conclusions and Recommendations" to the body of the report. The present analysis of this report contains an overview, an analysis of evidence by categories, and a discussion of scientific methodology. The overview shows that most case studies were conducted by junior stac the senior staff took little part, and the director took no part, in these investigations. The analysis of evidence by categories shows that there are substantial and significant differences between the findings of the project staff and those that the director attributes to the project. Although both the director and the staff are cautious in stating conclusions, the staff tend to emphasize challenging cases and unanswered questions, whereas the director emphasizes the difficulty of further study and the probability that there is no scientific knowledge to be gained. Concerning methodology, it appears that the project was unable to identify current challenging cases that warranted truly exhaustive investigation. Nor did the project develop a uniform and systematic procedure for cataloging the large number of older cases with which they were provided. In drawing conclusions from the study of such a problem, the nature and scope of which are fraught with so much uncertainty, it would have been prudent to avoid theory-dependent arguments.

Journal of Scientific Exploration
A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration
Volume 2 Number 2 September 1988
Society for Scientific Exploration

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Jahn, Robert G.; Dunne, Brenda J.; Nelson, Roger D.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Bernhard M. HAISCH	Editorial	91-92

	`Invited Assay`
Richard C. HENRY	UFOs and NASA	93-142
	Abstract: In 1977 President Carter's Science Advisor recommended that a small panel of inquiry be formed by NASA to see if there had been any new significant findings on UFOs since the US Air Force-sponsored investigation of UFOs ("Condon Report") a decade earlier. Five months later, NASA responded to that recommendation by proposing "to take no steps to establish a research activity in this area or to convene a symposium on the subject." This article offers a partial inside look at how that decision was made at NASA.
Yewant TERZIAN	The Nature of Time	143-154
	Abstract: One of the most fundamental concepts in our experience of existence is the flow of time-continuously from the past to the future. Yet, the basic nature of time as part of the description of the universe is not understood at all. The conservation laws of physics seem to be time-symmetrical, every detailed action could occur in reverse, which argues that the concept of the passage of time is not needed in nature. Yet, that time flows in one direction remains part of our experience. Can time stop? Can we influence the future? Can we influence the past? The historical and thermodynamic arrows of time are discussed and several enigmas and contradictions about the nature of time are revealed. The concept of "entropy" and its relation to the universe as a whole is explored. The fundamental changes of our notions of a uniformly flowing time, made by Albert Einstein in his Special and General Theories of Relativity are pointed out, and several "paradoxes" and "anomalous" examples are described. The nature of time and its relation to the Big-Bang cosmology is discussed, and the question "What was before the Big-Bang" is addressed.

Brenda J. DUNNE, Roger D. NELSON, Robert G. JAHN	Operator-Related Anomalies in a Random Mechanical Cascade	155-179
	Abstract: Experiments with a "Random Mechanical Cascade" (RMC) apparatus have yielded anomalous results correlated with pre-stated intentions of human operators. Based upon a common statistical demonstration device, this machine allows 9000 polystyrene balls to drop through a matrix of 330 pegs, scattering them into 19 collecting bins with a population distribution that is approximately Gaussian. As the balls enter the bins, exact counts are accumulated photoelectrically, displayed as feedback for the operator, and recorded on-line. Operators attempt to shift the mean of the developing distributions to the right or left, relative to a concurrently generated baseline distribution. Of the 25 operators who have completed one or more experimental series with this device, four have achieved anomalous separations of their right and left efforts, and two others have displayed significant separations of either their right or left efforts from their baselines. The overall mean difference of right versus left efforts concatenated across the total data base of 87 series (3393 runs), has a probability against chance of < with 15% of the individual series significant at p < .05, and 63% conforming to the intended directions. The concatenated results display a stark and curious asymmetry, in that virtually all of the right vs. left separation is provided by the left vs. baseline separation. This pattern also appears in the data of several individual operators, and is not attributable to any known physical asymmetry in the experimental system. In addition to the systematic asymmetric deviation of the distribution means, cumulative excesses in the variances of the left and right distributions relative to baseline are also observed, progressing to statistical probabilities of .003 in the left efforts, but only .2 in the right. More detailed study of the individual bin population patterns reveals that while most of the bins contribute to the overall mean shifts and variance changes, those on the outer portions are more influential than those near the center. Operator achievements tend to compound marginally but systematically in cumulative deviation patterns characteristic of the particular individuals and, in several cases, similar to those produced by the same operators in microelectronic Random Event Generator (REG) experiments. Within these characteristic patterns of achievement, some operators also show sensitivities to secondary experimental parameters, such as instructed vs. volitional establishment of the intended directions, or the presence or absence of feedback displays. Other successful operators seem insensitive to such options. Two major protocol variations have been explored, one employing remote operators, the other, multiple operators. In the former, operators with well-established performance in local experiments attempt to influence the bin distributions from remote locations up to several thousand miles from the laboratory. Significant results are again obtained that are quite similar to those of the local experiments, with the exception that the overall right and left distribution variances are smaller than those of the baseline. In the multiple operator experiments, early results show little resemblance to those achieved by the participating individuals alone.

Richard G. DOUGLAS	Archaeological Anomalies in the Bahamas	181-201
	Abstract: Controversial claims have been made for the presence of anomalous underwater archaeological sites in the Bahamas by a number of investigators. The proponents emphasize extraordinary explanations for the anomalies and tend to bypass the scientific journals in favor of popular presentations with little scientific rigor. The skeptics debunk selected claims for some of the sites, do not adequately address the prominent anomalous aspects, and attempt to fit explanations with which they disagree into a general category of cult archaeology. This paper reviews the work of the proponents and skeptics, discusses some of the reasons why they are unable to reach agreement, and addresses the relevance of the controversy to the response of the archaeological community to extraordinary claims.

Tom G. SLANGER	Evidence for a Short-Period Internal Clock in Humans	203-216
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 3 Number 2 September/1989 - Comments on Slanger's Internal Clock
	Abstract: The concept of an internal clock in humans and animals has had many supporters and detractors over the years. In this article, we demonstrate the apparent existence of an extremely precise time sense in humans, but the process is not related to conscious estimates of the passage of time. Instead, the experiments indicate that there is a mechanism, operating below the level of consciousness, that, with occasional feedback, can keep track of clock time. The precision of the system is quite extraordinary; the observations are consistent with synchronization between the internal timekeeper and clock time to within an averaged value of one part in 10 4.

Ian STEVENSON, Godwin SARNARARATNE	Three New Cases of the Reincarnation Type in Sri Lanka With Written Records Made Before Verifications	217-238
	Abstract: Three new cases in Sri Lanka of children who claim to remember previous lives were identified before the statements made by the children subjects of the cases had been verified. The authors made a written record of what the child said and then located a family corresponding to the child's statements. Although none of the children stated the name of the deceased person whose life the child seemed to remember, they all furnished details that, taken together, were sufficiently specific to identify one particular person as the only person corresponding to the child's statements. Careful inquiries about the possibilities for the normal communication of information from one family to the other before the case developed provide no evidence of such communication and make it seem almost impossible that it could have occurred. The written records of exactly what the child said about the previous life make it possible to exclude distortion of memories of the child's statements on the part of informants after the two families concerned have met. The children seem to have shown paranormal knowledge about deceased persons who were previously completely unknown to their families.

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Comment on Beloff's Parapsychology: The Continuing Impasse	239-240
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 1 Number 2 June/1988 - Parapsychology: The Continuing Impasse [Beloff, John]

	`Book Review`
Bernhard M. EFAISCH	Children Who Remember Previous Lives: A Question of Reincarnation, by Ian Stevenson	241-244

Journal of Scientific Exploration
A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration
Volume 3 Number 1 1989
Society for Scientific Exploration

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Jahn, Robert G.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Invited Essay`
Henry H. BAUER	Arguments Over Anomalies: II. Polemics	1-14
	Abstract: Arguments over different anomalies have common elements. An awareness of those commonalities can be useful in considering the possible reality of a particular anomaly. As in all arguments, beliefs and not facts are at issue; but the participants do not recognize that, and so red henings abound and opponents are not persuaded. Again as in all disputes, the longer the disagreement persists, the more polarized the issue becomes, which further encourages the antagonists to become preoccupied with irrelevancies. Within science, disputes are to some degree constrained by the existence of a widely shared paradigm and by widely accepted conventions, supported by entrenched institutions and by consensus over how and when disputes become settled; but arguments over anomalies are not so constrained: they are messy and may continue long after they-on purely epistemic grounds-"should". Insofar as arguments over anomalies take place in the public domain, they involve not only proponents and opponents but also pundits and an audience; however, a purported pundit may behave more like a disbeliever (or, more rarely, like a proponent). Some features of these arguments result from the fact that the believers are usually amateurs (though they commonly include a few maverick experts in the presumptively relevant fields of mainstream science). Although most of the experts tend to be disbelievers or at least non-believers in a given anomaly, the converse is by no means true-most of the disbelievers have little or no expertise in related areas, and they may not even be particularly knowledgeable about the given anomaly. Typically, both sides claim that the evidence is already conclusive when-virtually by definition-it is evidently not. Believers tend to close ranks, even with quite unwelcome bedfellows, for fear that their subject will seem even less respectable if the existence of frauds or hoaxes or incompetence becomes widely known; and that enhances the tendency for outsiders to view the believers as unanimous on all major points, which is anything but true. Both sides (and also the pundits) typically appeal to the authority of science; and typically they misunderstand the nature of science. Also characteristic of these arguments is ignorance of matters that (but only by hindsight) are highly relevant.

Robert G. JAHN	Anomalies: Analysis and Aesthetics	15-26
	Abstract: In properly allying itself with traditional scientific tenets and procedures, anomalies research also risks encumbrance by scientific stodginess, scientific segregation, and scientific secularity. In particular, the contemporary rejection by established science of its own metaphysical heritage and essence precludes its further evolution into physical and biological domains where consciousness plays demonstrably active roles. Some orderly rapprochement of subjective and objective experience and representation within the scientific paradigm will be required to make it effective in such arenas.

Carlos S. ALVARADO	Trends in the study of Out-of-Body Experiences: An Overview of Developments Since the Nineteenth Century	27-42
	Abstract: -A review of conceptual and research trends in the literature on out-of-body experiences is presented for the period of mid-nineteenth century to 1987. The discussion emphasizes psychological, psychiatric, and parapsychological publications. The material shows recurrent topics, but there are also some differences, particularly regarding more detailed conceptual discussions and a higher frequency of research projects in recent times. Systematic research and testable theories have been presented mainly in the last two decades. This may be related to the revival of interest in cognitive variables and altered states of consciousness in psychology during the same time period.

William BRAUD, Marilyn SCHLITZ	A Methodology for the Objective Study of Transpersonal Imagery	43-63
	Abstract: Abundant methodologies already exist for the study ofpreverbal imagery, in which one's imagery acts upon one's own cellular, biochemical, and physiological activity. This paper reports a new methodology for the objective study of transpersonal imagery, in which one person's imagery may influence the physical reactions of another person. The method involves the instructed generation of specific imagery by one person and the concurrent measurement of psychophysiological changes in another person who is isolated in a distant room to eliminate all conventional sensorimotor communication. Thirteen experiments were conducted using this methodology. A significant relationship was found between the calming or activating imagery of one person and the electrodermal activity of another person who was isolated at a distance (overall z = 4.08, p = .000023, mean effect size = 0.29). Potential artifacts which might account for the results are considered and discounted. The findings demonstrate reliable and relatively robust anomalous interactions between living systems at a distance. The effects may be interpreted as instances of an anomalous "causal" influence by one person directly upon the physiological activity of another person. An alternative interpretation is one of an anomalous informational process, combined with unconscious physiological self-regulation on the part of the influenced person. Additional research is being conducted in an attempt to increase our understanding of the processes involved, as well as to learn the various physical, physiological and psychological factors that may increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence of the effect

Dean RADIN, Jessica UTTS	Experiments Investigating the Influence of Intention on Random and Pseudorandom Events	65-79
	Abstract: `Eight of 27 experiments using a random event generator provided statistical evidence supporting a claimed correlation between intention and the distribution of random events. Twelve control tests produced results conforming closely to chance expectation.`

Ian STEVENSON, Satwant PASRICHA, Nicholas McCLEAN-RICE	A Case of the Possession Type in India With Evidence of Paranormal Knowledge	81-101
	Abstract: A young married woman, Sumitra, in a village of northern India, apparently died and then revived. After a period of confusion she stated that she was one Shiva who had been murdered in another village. She gave enough details to permit verification of her statements, which corresponded to facts in the life of another young married woman called Shiva. Shiva had lived in a place about 100 km away, and she had died violently there-either by suicide or murder-about two months before Sumitra's apparent death and revival. Subsequently, Sumitra recognized 23 persons (in person or in photographs) known to Shiva. She also showed in several respects new behavior that accorded with Shiva's personality and attainments. For example, Shiva's family were Brahmins (high caste), whereas Sumitra's were Thakurs (second caste); after the change in her personality Sumitra showed Brahmin habits that were strange in her family. Extensive interviews with 53 informants satisfied the investigators that the families concerned had been, as they claimed, completely unknown to each other before the case developed and that Sumitra had had no normal knowledge of the people and events in Shiva's life. The authors conclude that the subject demonstrated knowledge of another person's life obtained paranormally.

Ian STEVENSON, Satwant PASRICHA, Nicholas McCLEAN-RICE	A Case of the Possession Type in India With Evidence of Paranormal Knowledge	81-101
	Abstract: A young married woman, Sumitra, in a village of northern India, apparently died and then revived. After a period of confusion she stated that she was one Shiva who had been murdered in another village. She gave enough details to permit verification of her statements, which corresponded to facts in the life of another young married woman called Shiva. Shiva had lived in a place about 100 km away, and she had died violently there-either by suicide or murder-about two months before Sumitra's apparent death and revival. Subsequently, Sumitra recognized 23 persons (in person or in photographs) known to Shiva. She also showed in several respects new behavior that accorded with Shiva's personality and attainments. For example, Shiva's family were Brahmins (high caste), whereas Sumitra's were Thakurs (second caste); after the change in her personality Sumitra showed Brahmin habits that were strange in her family. Extensive interviews with 53 informants satisfied the investigators that the families concerned had been, as they claimed, completely unknown to each other before the case developed and that Sumitra had had no normal knowledge of the people and events in Shiva's life. The authors conclude that the subject demonstrated knowledge of another person's life obtained paranormally.

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 5 Number 2 1991

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Jahn, Robert G.; Dobyns, York H.; Dunne, Brenda J.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Bernhard HAISCH	Editor's Note	i

William GIROLDINI	Eccles's Model of Mind-Brain Interaction and Psychokinesis: A Preliminary Study	145-161
	Abstract: In this article the relationship between mind and brain is initially discussed from the opposite materialist and dualist perspectives. In the Eccles's hypothesis, a very weak psychokinetic (PK) action of will on a few neurons of cerebral cortex could determine remarkable changes in brain activity. Starting from this idea, a neuron network suitable for revealing weak PK influences is discussed. Thirty-five preliminary PK experiments based on a Random Signal Generator (RSG), which represents a first raw electronic version of this neuron network, were performed. Twenty-seven subjects attempted to mentally influence the RSG in a double optical and acoustic RSG-feedback. Each experiment was fully computer controlled and consisted of ten PK-minutes alternated with ten control-minutes without feedback. Moreover, the EEG recording of alpha and beta rhythms of subjects during the experiments was performed. The PK experiments gave altogether a significant result (p < lo-'), whereas 35 control-experiments without subjects were nonsignificant. EEG analysis showed that during the control-minutes the alpha and beta rhythms were wider than in the PK minutes, and moreover the alpha rhythm was remarkably higher during the PK-hitting than in the PK-missing trials. A psychological interpretation of these results is proposed, but the more interesting possibility is that an independent high alpha activity would cause better PK performance. Further studies are necessary to test this important possibility.

A. I. GRIGOR'EV, I. D. GRIGOR'EVA, S. O. SHIRYAEVA	Ball Lightning and St. Elmo's Fire as Forms of Thunderstorm Activity	163-190
	Abstract: `The electrohydrodynamic theory of ball lightning and St. Elmo's fire is developed. Electrohydrodynamic instability of water droplets and films is basic for these phenomena and distinguishes them from corona.`

James McCLENON	Social Scientific Paradigms for Investigating Anomalous Experience	191-203
	Abstract: The investigation of anomalous experience may be conducted within the realm of folklore, collective behavior, and the sociology of religion. Although these social scientific approaches lack the mathematical precision of the physical sciences, they allow theoretical development, the testing of hypotheses derived from these orientations, and the revision of theory in light of empirical observation. The use of social scientific paradigms grants the investigation of anomalous phenomena a cumulative quality, open to both skeptics and believers.

Robert G. JAHN, York H. DOBYNS, Brenda J. DUNNE	Count Population Profiles in Engineering Anomalies Experiments	205-232
	Abstract: Four technically and conceptually distinct experiments-a random binary generator driven by a microelectronic noise diode; a deterministic pseudorandom generator; a large-scale random mechanical cascade; and a digitized remote perception protocol-display strikingly similar patterns of count deviations from their corresponding chance distributions. Specifically, each conforms to a statistical linear regression of the form An / n = 6 (x - p) , where An / n is the deviation from chance expectation of the population frequency of the score value x divided by its chance frequency, p is the mean of the chance distribution, and 6 is the slope of the regression line, constant for a given data subset, but parametrically dependent on the experimental device, the particular operator or data concatenation, and the prevailing secondary conditions. In each case, the result is tantamount to a simple marginal transposition of the appropriate chance Gaussian distribution to a new mean value p' = p + Nt, where N is the sample size, or equivalently to a change in the elemental probability of the basic binary process to p' = p + 6, where p is the chance value and E = 614. Proposition of a common psychophysical mechanism by which the consciousness of the operator may achieve these elemental probability shifts is thwarted by the complexity and disparity of the several technical and logical tasks that would be involved. More parsimonious, albeit more radical, explication may be posed via a holistic information-theoretic approach, wherein the consciousness adds some increment of information, in the technical sense, into the particular experimental system, which then deploys it in the most efficient fashion to achieve the experimental goal, i.e., the volition-correlated mean shift. The relationship of this technical information transfer to the subjective teleological processes of the consciousness remains to be understood.

Erlendur HARALDSSON	Children Claiming Past-Life Memories: Four Cases in Sri Lanka	233-261
	Abstract: This is a report on an investigation of four children in Sri Lanka who claimed to remember a previous life at the early age of two to three years. Detailed written records were made of the statements of three of the children before any attempt was made to examine their claims. In two cases, these statements made it possible to trace a deceased person whose life history fit to a considerable extent the statements made by the child. In these cases, no prior connection of any kind was found to have existed between the child's family and that of the alleged previous personality. The pattern of these cases resembles those earlier reported by Stevenson: the children are at a preschool age when they start to make claims about a previous life; they usually start to "forget'' at about the time they go to school; some of them claim to have died violently earlier; they express the wish to meet their earlier families or visit their homes; and some of them show behavioral idiosyncrasies that seem to differ from what they observe and would be expected to learn from their environment. In Sri Lanka more than half of such cases remain "unsolved," i.e., no person can be traced that roughly matches the child's statements.

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Comments on A Gas Discharge Device for Investigating Focussed Human Attention	263-164
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 4 Number 2 /1990 - A Gas Discharge Device for Investigating Focussed Human Attention [Tiller, William A.]

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 6 Number 4 1992

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Dunne, Brenda J.; Jahn, Robert G.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`SSE News Items`
	1993 Annual SSE Meeting	299
	Grant to Radin	299
	International Federation for Aerial Anomalies	299-300
	Angela Thompson to Coordinate Foundation Research	300

Topher COOPER	Anomalous Propagation	301-305

Michael EPSTEIN	The Skeptical Perspective	307-310
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 7 Number 4 /1993 - On Biological Transmutation of Elements

Brenda J. DUNNE, Robert G. JAHN	Experiments in Remote Human/Machine Interaction	311-332
	Abstract: Several extensive experimental studies of humanlmachine interactions wherein the human operators and the target machines are separated by distances of up to several thousand miles yield anomalous results comparable in scale and character to those produced under conditions of physical proximity. The output distributions of random binary events produced by a variety of microelectronic random and pseudorandom generators, as well as by a macroscopic random mechanical cascade, display small but replicable and statistically significant mean shifts correlated with the remote operators' pre-stated intentions, and feature cumulative achievement patterns similar to those of the corresponding local experiments. Individual operator effect sizes distribute normally, with the majority of participants contributing to the overall effect. Patterns of specific count populations are also similar to those found in the corresponding local experiments. The insensitivity of the size and details of these results to intervening distance and time adds credence to a large database of precognitive remote perception experiments, and suggests that these two forms of anomaly may draw from similar mechanisms of information exchange between human consciousness and random physical processes.

S. JEFFERS, J. SLOAN	A Low Light Level Diffraction Experiment for Anomalies Research	333-352
	Abstract: Some interpretations of quantum mechanics assert an active role for human consciousness in actualizing the results of measurements on quantum systems. At the same time, some empirical studies have claimed positive results in testing the abilities of human subjects to bias randomly generated events i.e. those governed by Gaussian statistics. Experiments have been conducted using a different probability distribution i.e. the digitally recorded diffracted light intensity from a single slit. This normalized distribution is conventionally interpreted as the probability of locating a photon in a specified location in the observation plane. Human subjects have been invited to attempt to bias this distribution in a prescribed way. The experiment is tightly controlled against any artifacts generating very high data rates with high statistical accuracy. Calibrations show that any displacement of the diffraction pattern relative to the detector of order 1.6 X 10.~ cms should be detectable. Of twenty subjects tested, none has produced a detectable displacement corresponding to this upper limit. Introducti

Ian STEVENSON	A New Look at Maternal Impressions: An Analysis of 50 Published Cases and Reports of Two Recent Examples	353-373
	Abstract: -The idea that a pregnant woman may be so frightened by the sight of some deformity on another person that her baby will be affected by a similar defect is widely believed in most parts of the world today; it was also generally believed in the West until the early years of this century. The skepticism that then developed may have derived from lack of an explanatory principle and not from lack of evidence for a significant correspondence between stimulus and birthmark or birth defect. The present paper summarizes the main features of 50 published cases in which an unusual stimulus to a pregnant woman was followed by the birth of a baby with unusual birthmarks or birth defects that nearly always corresponded closely to the stimulus the pregnant mother had received. Two recent cases that the author investigated are presented. The author concludes that in rare instances maternal impressions may indeed affect gestating babies and cause birth defects. Almost nothing is known about why such effects occur in some pregnancies, but only rarely, or about the implementing processes involved. These may be paranormal.

D. P. Wirth et al.	The Effect of Alternative Healing Therapy on the Regeneration Rate of Salamander Forelimbs	375-390
	Abstract: -The following experiment examined the effect of noncontact therapeutic touch (NCTT) on the regeneration rate of salamander forelimbs surgically amputated through the distal third of the stylopodium. A total of 154 newts, Notophthalmus viridescens, were used and limb regeneration was assessed using two criteria: (1) the time to first finger differentiation, and (2) the time to fourth finger differentiation. The experiment was divided into two sections. For section #I, four NCTT healers worked individually under three separate conditions in a specially designed laboratory. The conditions were: (1) treatment through an opening in the wall, (2) treatment through smoked opaque glass, and (3) treatment through smoked opaque glass and plastic. For section #2, the four individual healers were paired, with each pair working together on a tank of newts situated directly in front of them. The results for section #1 showed that: (I) Healer 1 obtained nonsignificance for all three conditions at both the first and fourth finger differentiation stages, (2) Healer 2 obtained significance for all three conditions at both differentiation stages, (3) Healer 3 obtained significance for condition 1 only at both differentiation stages, and (4) Healer 4 obtained significance for conditions 2 and 3 at both differentiation stages. For section #2, only the pair of Healer 1-Healer 3 obtained significant results (p < .002). The data, therefore, suggest that NCTT may have the potential to accelerate the rate of regeneration of newt forelimbs surgically amputated through the distal third of the humerus

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Darwin on Trial Review	391-395

	`Book Reviews`
Henry H. BAUER	Cold Fusion, The Scientific Fiasco of the Century	395-400

Michael EPSTEIN	Beyond the Body: An Investigation of Out-of-the-Body-Experiences	401

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 8 Number 2 1994

Name: Dunne, Brenda J.; Dobyns, York H.; Jahn, Robert G.; Nelson, Roger D.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Peter A. STURROCK	Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO Problem: Part 2	153-195
	Serie: Volume 8 Number 1 Spring/1994 Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO Problem: Part 1 Volume 8 Number 2 /1994 Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO Problem: Part 2 Volume 8 Number 3 /1994 Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO Problem: Part 3
	Abstract: `Refereed journals, to which scientists turn for their reliable information, carry virtually no information on the UFO problem. Does this imply that scientists have no views and no thoughts on the subject, or that all scientists consider it insignificant? Does it imply that scientists have no reports to submit comparable with UFO reports published in newspapers and popular books? The purpose of this survey was to answer these questions.`

Brenda J. DUNNE, York H. DOBYNS, Robert G. JAHN, Roger D. NELSON	Series Position Effects In Random Event Generator Experiments with Appendix by Angela Thompson	197-215
	Abstract: Effect sizes achieved by human operators in random event generator anomalies experiments show correlations with the ordinal positions of the experimental series in both the collective and individual databases. Specifically, there are statistically significant tendencies for operators to produce better scores over their first series, then to fall off in performance in their second and third series, and then to recover to some intermediate levels during their fourth, fifth, and subsequent series. Such correlations appear in both local and remote experiments, and are also indicated over a sequence of different experimental protocols, but no similar effects are found in baseline or calibration data. These serial position patterns thus appear to be primarily psychological in origin, and may subsume the rudimentary "decline," "primacy," "recency," and "terminal" effects propounded in the parapsychological and psychological literature. The results also emphasize the importance of very large individual databases in determining the asymptotic effect sizes in any given experiment of this type


K. Volkamer et al.	Experimental Re-Examination of the Law of Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions	217-250
	Abstract: At the beginning of the century the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions was checked experimentally by Landolt and various other experimenters. Even though in 8 of the 10 chemical reactions studied by Landolt the validity of conservation of mass was confirmed within the margin of experimental errors, in 2 reactions the pre vs. post comparison of the determined weights indicated mass differences that exceeded the experimental error by up to a factor of 6, indicating apparent violations of the law of conservation of mass. However by averaging between such results and subjective assessments Landolt discarded these deviations. We report on careful and systematic repetitions of one of Landolt's chemical experiments. Using modern sensitive and, in one case, automatic weighing techniques, the results obtained reveal time-dependent and long-range gravitational irregularities which are many orders of magnitude larger than expected relativistic mass effects, indicating an apparent violation of the law of conservation of mass in this special chemical reaction. Similar effects could be found in biological and purely physical systems, as well as synergistic effects between these systems. The observed spontaneous mass fluctuations suggest the existence of a form of cold, dark matter which is detected in the described systems.
Michael EPSTEIN, Joe HIMES	Response to Volkamer et al.	251-253

William H. JEFFERYS	Erratum: Bayesian Analysis of Random Event Generator Data	255-256
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 4 Number 2 /1990 - Bayesian Analysis of Random Event Generator Data [Jefferys, William H.]

	`Invited Essay`
Ervin LASZLO	The 'Genius Hypothesis': Exploratory Concepts for a Scientific Understanding of Unusual Creativity	257-267
	Abstract: Unusual acts of artistic and scientific creativity - associated in the popular mind with the concept of "genius" - do not have a satisfactory explanation in terms of the cerebral or mental processes of individuals. The 'genius hypothesis' suggests that such acts of creativity involve an interaction between the mind of the creative individual and other minds, bent on similar creative endeavors. The interaction envisaged in the hypothesis relies on the spontaneous transmission of the crucial Einfall that catalyzes the creative acts. Following the presentation of pertinent evidence culled from the fields of cultural development, scientific discovery and artistic production, the mechanism of transference is illustrated with the analogy of networked computers. It is also shown to shed light on what Jung called 'archetypal experience.' The phenomenon of instantaneous spatiotemporal connectivity is not limited to human brain-minds but has counterparts in quantum physics and evolutionary biology. Its explanation poses one of the greatest challenges to the contemporary natural sciences

Topher COOPER	Anomalous Propagation	269-273

Michael EPSTEIN	The Skeptical Perspective	275-277

Bruno W. AUGENSTEIN	Guest Column: Conceiving Nature-Discovering Reality	279-282

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Comments on "Alleged Experiences Inside UFOs"	283-284
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 8 Number 1 Spring/1994 - Alleged Experiences Inside UFOs: An Analysis of Abduction Reports [Ballester Olmos, Vicente-Juan]
	Comments on "A Review of Near-Death Experience"	284

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 8 Number 4 1994

Name: Nelson, Roger D.; Bradish, G. J.; Dunne, Brenda J.; Jahn, Robert G.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Research Articles`
Pierre GUÉRIN	A Scientific Analysis of Four Photographs of a Flying Disk Near Lac Chauvet (France)	447-469
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 9 Number 2 /1995 - Comment on McMinnville UFO Photos
	Abstract: `A series of four photographs of a disk-shaped object apparently flying in the sky was physically analyzed. Certain details led us to develop a mathematical model of the supposed trajectory. The model was validated by measurements on the photographs, which demonstrated that the disk was distant from the camera, flying along a straight and horizontal trajectory, and was not a fabrication`
R. D. Nelson et al.	A Linear Pendulum Experiment: Effects of Operator Intention on Damping Rate	471-489
	Abstract: An attractive pendulum consisting of a two-inch crystal ball suspended on a fused silica rod is the focus of an experiment to measure possible effects of conscious intention on an analog physical system. The pendulum is enclosed in a clear acrylic box, and provided with a computer controlled mechanical system to release it from the same starting height in repeated runs. A high speed binary counter registers interruptions of photodiode beams, to measure velocities at the nadir of the pendulum arc with microsecond accuracy. In runs of 100 swings, taking about three minutes, operators attempt to keep swings high, i.e. to decrease the damping rate (HI); to reduce swing amplitude, i.e. to increase the damping rate (LO); or to take an undisturbed baseline (BL). Over a total of 1545 sets, generated by 42 operators, the HI - LO difference is significant in the direction of intention for five individuals, and the difference between intention and baseline runs is significant and positive for five other operators. The overall HI - LO difference is reduced to non-significance by strong negative performances from several operators, four of whom have comparably large scores in the direction opposite to intention. Analysis of variance reveals significant internal structure in the database (main effects F,, ,,= 2.845, p = .025). Subset comparisons indicate that male operators tend to score higher than females, and that randomly instructed trials tend toward higher scores than volitional trials, especially for male operators. Trials generated with the operator in a remote location have a larger effect size than the local trials. While direct comparisons are not straightforward, it appears that effects of operator intention on the pendulum damping rate may be similar in magnitude and style to those in other humanlmachine interaction experiments. Although this result fails to support an experimental hypothesis that the analog nature of the pendulum experiment would engender larger effect sizes, it does confirm a basic similarity of consciousness effects across experiments using fundamentally different physical systems.
P. A. STURROCK	Applied Scientific Inference	491-508
	Abstract: The purpose of this article is to use the principles of scientific inference to provide guidance in evaluating complicated issues such as those raised by the study of anomalous phenomena. Specifically, the article presents a formalism (a "protocol") for organizing and combining the many judgments that must be made in the scientific evaluation of the relevant hypotheses. All judgments are to be expressed as probabilities, and the rules for combining probabilities are derived from Bayes' theorem. Setting up a problem in a manner that permits such an analysis can be helpful in imposing a structure and discipline upon the analysis, and also in exposing relevant questions that might otherwise have remained hidden. Furthermore, the introduction of probabilities makes it possible to put on a sound numerical basis such assertions as "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." One finds that extraordinary evidence can be built up from many (but not very many) items of unspectacular evidence, provided the items are truly independent. The proposed procedure permits a clear separation between a statement of initial prejudice and an evaluation of the significance of considered evidence. However, it would be even better to set out explicitly the considerations on which the prejudice is based, and to view those considerations as part of the evidence to be evaluated. The procedure also draws a clear separation between the roles and judgments of data analysts (who assign probabilities to specified statements, based on the evidence), and those of theorists (who assign probabilities to the same statements, based in turn on the considered hypotheses). In order to reach a consensus on any topic, it is recommended that probability estimates be made by teams of experts, all team-members being presented with the same data but acting independently, and procedures are proposed by which individual estimates may be combined to yield a consensus estimate.

	`Essay`
John BELOFF	The Mind-Brain Problem	509-522
	Abstract: `The mind-brain problem, which is still with us, raises the question as to whether the mind is no more than the idle side-effect of our brain processes or whether the mind can, in some degree, influence behavior. Here we rehearse the arguments on both sides plus some desperate recent attempts to eliminate mind altogether.`

Dean I. RADIN	Guest Column: On Complexity and Pragmatism	523-533

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Comments on James Warwick's Book Review of Cross Currents	535-538
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 7 Number 4 /1993 - Cross Currents by Robert 0. Becker [Warwick, James]
	Further Comments on the Unreliability of Home Blood Glucose Monitors	538-539
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 8 Number 3 /1994 - Complementary Healing Therapy for Patients With Type I Diabetes Mellitus [Wirth, Daniel P. & Mitchell, Barbara J.] Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 9 Number 1 /1995 - Erratum

	`Book Reviews`
Michael C. IBISON	The Interrelationship Between Mind and Matter edited by B. Rubik	541-545
Theodore ROCKWELL	The Interrelationship Between Mind and Matter edited by B. Rubik	545-546
Emily Williams COOK	A History of Hypnotism by A. Gauld	546-553
Angela THOMPSON	The Allagash Abductions: Undeniable Evidence of Alien Intervention by R. E. Fowler	554
	Review: Raymond E. FOWLER,THE ALLAGASH ABDUCTIONS - 1993
Henry H. BAUER	Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science by P. R. Gross and N. Levitt	555-563
Stuart EDELSTEIN	Perilous Knowledge: The Human Genome Project and Its Implications by T. Wilkie	563-565
Lori Anne NEALE	The Body, Self-Cultivation, and Ki-Energy by Y. Yuasa	565-568

Roger NELSON	The Second Euro-SSE Conference	569

	`Abstracts of the Second Euro-SSE Conference`
Robert MORRIS	Investigating Anomalies in Human-Machine Interaction	570
Jessica UTTS	Decision Augmentation Theory: Can Precognition Explain PK Data	570-571
Walter VON LUCADOU	Psychological Correlates of Experimental Human-Machine Anomalies: Influence, Selection, or What?	571
Zoltan VASSY	Correlation without Causation: on the Nature of Parapsychological Phenomena	571-572
B. E. P. CLEMENT	Conceptual Modeling in the Temporal Domain	572
Harold ASPDEN	The Experimental Pathway to New Sources of Energy	572-573
Harold E. PUTHOFF	On the Feasibility of Converting Vacuum Electromagnetic Energy to a Useful Form	573-574
Bernhard HAISCH	Zero-Point Field, Inertia, and Mach's Principle	574
Roger NELSON	Anomalous Interactions: Intention, Information, and Consciousness	574-575
S. JEFFERS, J. SLOAN	The Double-Slit Experiment as a Potentially Sensitive Detector of Anomalous Effects	575
Euan J. SQUIRES	The Implication of Quantum Theory for an Understanding of Consciousness	575-576
Jacques BENVENISTE	The Transfer of Specific Molecular Signals by Electromagnetic Means, and Its Consequences in Biology and Medicine	576
L. PYATNITSKY	Consciousness Influence on Water Structure	576-577
Zbignew WOLKOWSKI	Recent Advances in the Phoron Concept: An Attempt to Decrease the Incompleteness of Scientific Exploration	576-577
Roeland VAN WIJK	Understanding the Benefits of Subharmful Doses of Toxicants	577-578
Zoltan DIENES	Tests of Sheldrake's Claim of Morphic Resonance	578
Suitbert ERTEL	The Maharishi Effect in Transcendental Meditation: Fancy or Fact?	578-579
Archie E. ROY	The Great Crop Circle Mystery	579
Robin ALLEN	Science, Pseudoscience, and the Crop Circle Phenomenon	579-580
Léon BRENIG	Remote Sensing: A Tool for UFOLOGY	580
Paul DEVEREUX	"Earth Lights": History and Latest Developments Concerning Research into Anomalous Light Phenomena	580-581
George EGELY	Ball Lightning: The Last Enigma of the Atmosphere?	581
Erling STRAND	Project Hessdalen-A Field Investigation of an Unknown Atmospheric Light Phenomenon	581-582
Susan J. HOWAT, Deborah L. DELANOY, Robert L. MORRIS	Remote Staring Detection and Personality Correlates	582
Deborah L. DELANOY, Sunita SAH	Cognitive and Physiological PSI Responses to Remote Positive and Neutral Emotional States	581-582
	Comparison of the SenderINo Sender Conditions Using an Automated Ganzfeld System	583-584
Ian STEVENSON	Six Modem Apparitional Experiences	584
Peter A. STURROCK	The Role of Heresies in Scientific Research	584-585

	`SSE News`
	Odier Research Foundation Publishes Bulletin	587
	14th Annual Meeting: Announcement and Call for Papers	588

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 17 Number 2 2003

Name: Dunne, Brenda J.; Jahn, Robert G.; Atmanspacher, Harald

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Obituary`
Ron WESTRUM	Marcello Truzzi (1935-2003)	197-200

	Editorial	201-205

	`Research Articles`
Brenda J. DUNNE, Robert G. JAHN	Information and Uncertainty in Remote Perception Research	207-241
	Abstract: This article has four purposes: 1) to present for the first time in archival form all results of some 25 years of remote perception research at this laboratory; 2) to describe all of the analytical scoring methods developed over the course of this program to quantify the amount of anomalous information acquired in the experiments; 3) to display a remarkable anti-correlation between the objective specificity of those methods and the anomalous yield of the experiments; and 4) to discuss the phenomenological and pragmatic implications of this complementarity. The formal database comprises 653 experimental trials performed over several phases of investigation.The scoring methods involve various arrays of descriptor queries that can be addressed to both the physical targets and the percipients’ description thereof, the responses to which provide the basisfor numerical evaluation and statistical assessment of the degree of anomalous information acquired. Twenty-four such recipes have been employed, with queries posed in binary, ternary, quaternary, and ten-level distributive formats. Thus treated, the database yields a composite z-score against chance of 5.418 ( p 5 3 3 102 8 , one-tailed). Numerous subsidiary analyses agree that these overall results are not significantly affected by any of the secondary protocol parameters tested, or by variations in descriptor effectiveness, possible participant response biases, target distance from the percipient, or time interval between perception effort and agent target visitation. However, over the course of the program there has been a striking diminution of the anomalous yield that appears to be associated with the participants’ growing attention to, and dependence upon, the progressively more detailed descriptor formats and with the corresponding reduction in the content of the accompanying free-response transcripts. The possibility that increased emphasis on objective quantification of the phenomenon somehow may have inhibited its inherently subjective expression is explored in several contexts, ranging from contemporary signal processing technologies to ancient divination traditions. An intrinsic complementarity is suggested between the analytical and intuitive aspects of the remote perception process that, like its more familiar counterpart in quantum science, brings with it an inescapable uncertainty that limits the extent to which such anomalous effects can be simultaneously produced and evaluated.
Harald ATMANSPACHER, Robert G. JAHN	Problems of Reproducibility in Complex Mind-Matter Systems	243-270
	Abstract: Systems exhibiting relationshipsbetween mental states and material states, briefly mind-matter systems, offer epistemological and methodological problems exceeding those of systems involving mental states or material states alone. Some of these problems can be addressed by proceeding from standard first-order approaches to more sophisticated second-order approaches. These can illuminate questions of reference and validity, and their ramifications for the topic of reproducibility. For various situations in complex systems it is shown that second-order approaches need to be employed. Considering mindmatter systems as generalized complex systems provides some guidelines for analyzing the problem of reproducibility in such systems from a novel perspective.
Marie-Catherine MOUSSEAU	Parapsychology: Science or Pseudo-Science?	271-282
	Abstract: Do paranormal or parapsychological investigations meet the criteria often said to characterize pseudo-science? Mainstream and non-mainstream research is compared through content analysis of selected samples of mainstream journals from several fields and of non-mainstream (‘‘fringe’’) journals. Oral communication processes were studied at an annual meeting of the Parapsychological Association. Though certain quantitative differences were noted, qualitative distinctions were not found that could justify classification of parapsychology as pseudo-science. To warrant that, other criteria to define science would need to be established
Ian STEVENSON, Erlendur HARALDSSON	The Similarity of Features of Reincarnation Type Cases over Many Years: A Third Study	283-289
	Abstract: `The principal features of two series of cases suggestive of reincarnation in Lebanon were compared. The series were investigated about a generation apart by two different investigators.In three important features, the two series were closely similar; in other features they were not similar, probably because of differences in the thoroughness of investigation in the two series.`
Montague KEEN	Communicating with the Dead: The Evidence Ignored. Why Paul Kurtz is Wrong	291-299
	Abstract: A far-ranging attack on the evidence for the paranormal in general, and the case for post-mortem survival of intelligence in particular, was published in 2000 by Professor Paul Kurtz in the Skeptical Inquirer, organ of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Reluctance of its Editor to fulfil an undertaking to publish a response has prompted this more extensive review of the deficiencies in his argument. It points in particular to areas which Kurtz either ignores entirely or misrepresents, notably in the extensive literature relating to early mediumistic communications whose paranormality has yet to be undermined by any objective examination; some of the early examples of cross-correspondences; book tests with Mrs. Osborne Leonard; and the Edgar Vandy case as an illustration of the unscientificmanner in which skepticsseek to mislead readers. Finally there is a summary of more recent statistically measurable research into veridical communications from gifted mediums.

G. E. Schwartz et al.	Purported Anomalous Perception in a Highly Skilled Individual: Observations, Interpretations, Compassion	301-316
	Abstract: The purported ability of a seventeen-year-old female, investigated for seven years in China, to perceive information without using visual and kinesthetic cues, was studied. In one experiment, five letters from A to Z and five numbers from 0 to 100 were randomly selected by computer, written on small sheets of paper and individually folded and placed in a sealed envelope. The folded stimuli were removed one by one and placed into a cloth bag that was opaque to light; the bag was tied below the participant’s right elbow. The participant was accurate for all ten trials. In a second experiment, three video cameras carefully monitored the participant’s hand movements; in addition, both ends of the folded papers were sealed with clear tape. Careful analysis of the clear tape and the videotapesrevealed evidence of practiced deception.Data were also collected from a 25-year-old graduate student and a 7-year-old child not employing a cloth bag. Their data suggest that deception is not necessarily involved in all cases of purported anomalous perception.

	`Field Research Report`
Robert H. RINES, Frank M. DOUGHERTY	Proof Positive-Loch Ness Was an Ancient Arm of the Sea	317-323
	Abstract: For the first time, indisputablemarine deposits have been recovered from Loch Ness. Recovered clam shells have been reproducibly dated by the radio-carbon ( 14C) method to about 12,800 years before present (BP), which correspondsto the end of the last glaciation.Hitherto, this oceanic incursion has been doubted or denied by many observers. Such a period of marine incursion is crucially demanded by the hypothesis that the Loch Ness ‘‘monsters’’ are or were a reproducing population of creatures too large to move in and out of the loch under current conditions. Even more remarkably, aminoacid racemization indicates an age of about 125,000 years for some of the deposits, corresponding to the previous interglacial period. If the latter dating withstands further investigation, current beliefs about the chronology of glaciation and land-andsea-level changes at and around Loch Ness will have to be modified.

	`Erratum`
James HOURAN, Kevin D. RANDLE	Erratum to Houran and Randle (2002)	325-326
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 16 Number 1 /2002 - A Message in a Bottle: Confounds in Deciphering the Ramey Memo from the Roswell UFO Case [Houran, James & Randle, Kevin D.]

loading...

☰ www.libriufo.it

Collection: Libriufo