Libriufo

Journal of Scientific Exploration
A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration
Volume 3 Number 1 1989
Society for Scientific Exploration

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Utts, Jessica; Radin, Dean I.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Invited Essay`
Henry H. BAUER	Arguments Over Anomalies: II. Polemics	1-14
	Abstract: Arguments over different anomalies have common elements. An awareness of those commonalities can be useful in considering the possible reality of a particular anomaly. As in all arguments, beliefs and not facts are at issue; but the participants do not recognize that, and so red henings abound and opponents are not persuaded. Again as in all disputes, the longer the disagreement persists, the more polarized the issue becomes, which further encourages the antagonists to become preoccupied with irrelevancies. Within science, disputes are to some degree constrained by the existence of a widely shared paradigm and by widely accepted conventions, supported by entrenched institutions and by consensus over how and when disputes become settled; but arguments over anomalies are not so constrained: they are messy and may continue long after they-on purely epistemic grounds-"should". Insofar as arguments over anomalies take place in the public domain, they involve not only proponents and opponents but also pundits and an audience; however, a purported pundit may behave more like a disbeliever (or, more rarely, like a proponent). Some features of these arguments result from the fact that the believers are usually amateurs (though they commonly include a few maverick experts in the presumptively relevant fields of mainstream science). Although most of the experts tend to be disbelievers or at least non-believers in a given anomaly, the converse is by no means true-most of the disbelievers have little or no expertise in related areas, and they may not even be particularly knowledgeable about the given anomaly. Typically, both sides claim that the evidence is already conclusive when-virtually by definition-it is evidently not. Believers tend to close ranks, even with quite unwelcome bedfellows, for fear that their subject will seem even less respectable if the existence of frauds or hoaxes or incompetence becomes widely known; and that enhances the tendency for outsiders to view the believers as unanimous on all major points, which is anything but true. Both sides (and also the pundits) typically appeal to the authority of science; and typically they misunderstand the nature of science. Also characteristic of these arguments is ignorance of matters that (but only by hindsight) are highly relevant.

Robert G. JAHN	Anomalies: Analysis and Aesthetics	15-26
	Abstract: In properly allying itself with traditional scientific tenets and procedures, anomalies research also risks encumbrance by scientific stodginess, scientific segregation, and scientific secularity. In particular, the contemporary rejection by established science of its own metaphysical heritage and essence precludes its further evolution into physical and biological domains where consciousness plays demonstrably active roles. Some orderly rapprochement of subjective and objective experience and representation within the scientific paradigm will be required to make it effective in such arenas.

Carlos S. ALVARADO	Trends in the study of Out-of-Body Experiences: An Overview of Developments Since the Nineteenth Century	27-42
	Abstract: -A review of conceptual and research trends in the literature on out-of-body experiences is presented for the period of mid-nineteenth century to 1987. The discussion emphasizes psychological, psychiatric, and parapsychological publications. The material shows recurrent topics, but there are also some differences, particularly regarding more detailed conceptual discussions and a higher frequency of research projects in recent times. Systematic research and testable theories have been presented mainly in the last two decades. This may be related to the revival of interest in cognitive variables and altered states of consciousness in psychology during the same time period.

William BRAUD, Marilyn SCHLITZ	A Methodology for the Objective Study of Transpersonal Imagery	43-63
	Abstract: Abundant methodologies already exist for the study ofpreverbal imagery, in which one's imagery acts upon one's own cellular, biochemical, and physiological activity. This paper reports a new methodology for the objective study of transpersonal imagery, in which one person's imagery may influence the physical reactions of another person. The method involves the instructed generation of specific imagery by one person and the concurrent measurement of psychophysiological changes in another person who is isolated in a distant room to eliminate all conventional sensorimotor communication. Thirteen experiments were conducted using this methodology. A significant relationship was found between the calming or activating imagery of one person and the electrodermal activity of another person who was isolated at a distance (overall z = 4.08, p = .000023, mean effect size = 0.29). Potential artifacts which might account for the results are considered and discounted. The findings demonstrate reliable and relatively robust anomalous interactions between living systems at a distance. The effects may be interpreted as instances of an anomalous "causal" influence by one person directly upon the physiological activity of another person. An alternative interpretation is one of an anomalous informational process, combined with unconscious physiological self-regulation on the part of the influenced person. Additional research is being conducted in an attempt to increase our understanding of the processes involved, as well as to learn the various physical, physiological and psychological factors that may increase or decrease the likelihood of occurrence of the effect

Dean RADIN, Jessica UTTS	Experiments Investigating the Influence of Intention on Random and Pseudorandom Events	65-79
	Abstract: `Eight of 27 experiments using a random event generator provided statistical evidence supporting a claimed correlation between intention and the distribution of random events. Twelve control tests produced results conforming closely to chance expectation.`

Ian STEVENSON, Satwant PASRICHA, Nicholas McCLEAN-RICE	A Case of the Possession Type in India With Evidence of Paranormal Knowledge	81-101
	Abstract: A young married woman, Sumitra, in a village of northern India, apparently died and then revived. After a period of confusion she stated that she was one Shiva who had been murdered in another village. She gave enough details to permit verification of her statements, which corresponded to facts in the life of another young married woman called Shiva. Shiva had lived in a place about 100 km away, and she had died violently there-either by suicide or murder-about two months before Sumitra's apparent death and revival. Subsequently, Sumitra recognized 23 persons (in person or in photographs) known to Shiva. She also showed in several respects new behavior that accorded with Shiva's personality and attainments. For example, Shiva's family were Brahmins (high caste), whereas Sumitra's were Thakurs (second caste); after the change in her personality Sumitra showed Brahmin habits that were strange in her family. Extensive interviews with 53 informants satisfied the investigators that the families concerned had been, as they claimed, completely unknown to each other before the case developed and that Sumitra had had no normal knowledge of the people and events in Shiva's life. The authors conclude that the subject demonstrated knowledge of another person's life obtained paranormally.

Ian STEVENSON, Satwant PASRICHA, Nicholas McCLEAN-RICE	A Case of the Possession Type in India With Evidence of Paranormal Knowledge	81-101
	Abstract: A young married woman, Sumitra, in a village of northern India, apparently died and then revived. After a period of confusion she stated that she was one Shiva who had been murdered in another village. She gave enough details to permit verification of her statements, which corresponded to facts in the life of another young married woman called Shiva. Shiva had lived in a place about 100 km away, and she had died violently there-either by suicide or murder-about two months before Sumitra's apparent death and revival. Subsequently, Sumitra recognized 23 persons (in person or in photographs) known to Shiva. She also showed in several respects new behavior that accorded with Shiva's personality and attainments. For example, Shiva's family were Brahmins (high caste), whereas Sumitra's were Thakurs (second caste); after the change in her personality Sumitra showed Brahmin habits that were strange in her family. Extensive interviews with 53 informants satisfied the investigators that the families concerned had been, as they claimed, completely unknown to each other before the case developed and that Sumitra had had no normal knowledge of the people and events in Shiva's life. The authors conclude that the subject demonstrated knowledge of another person's life obtained paranormally.

Journal of Scientific Exploration
A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration
Volume 3 Number 2 September 1989
Society for Scientific Exploration

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Radin, Dean I.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

Thomas GOLD	New Ideas in Science	103-112
	Abstract: `The pace of scientific work continues to accelerate, but the question is whether the pace of discovery will continue to accelerate. If we were driving in the wrong direction-in the direction where no new ideas can be accepted-then even if scientific work goes on, the progress would be stifled. This is not to suggest that we are in quite such a disastrous position, but on the other hand, not all is well.`

Richard F. HAINES, Jacques F. VALLÉE	Photo Analysis of an Aerial Disc Over Costa Rica	113-131
	Abstract: n unusual image was photographically recorded by an official mapping aircraft of the Costa Rican government at 08:25 am (EDT) on September 4, 197 1 while flying at 10,000 feet altitude over a body of water known as Lago de Cote. None of the flight crew or photographers saw the object. Second generation negative and positive black and white transparencies were obtained and analyzed by the authors. Both transparencies were photographically enlarged and printed on various contrast papers for purposes of making visual inspections and linear measurements. Computer enhancement showed variations in surface brightness. The preceding frame, taken 20 seconds earlier of the same ground region, did not show the disc. The angular position of the sun was determined for the date, time and location of the event and was found to be consistent with cloud shadow positions but not with the dark regions on the disc. A shadow of the disc could not be found. The oval image measured 4.2 mm on the negative and was enlarged to 41 mm (9.76 X magnification). If the disc was located 10,000 feet away from the camera, its maximum dimension would be 2 10 meters (683 feet). The various analyses failed to identify the image. The same body of water was the site of a visual observation of a partially submerged object on October 25, 1986.

Antonia MILLS	A Replication Study: Three Cases of Children in Northern India Who Are Said to Remember a Previous Life	133-184
	Abstract: This replication of Ian Stevenson's studies of spontaneous cases suggestive of reincarnation presents data from 3 of the 10 cases investigated by the author in northern India during 5 weeks in the summers of 1987 and 1988. The purpose of the study was to see if an independent investigator, following Stevenson's methods, would reach conclusions similar to his. Stevenson reports that the numerous cases in which a child speaks and acts from the point of view of a verifiable but deceased person about whom the child could not have normally known are best explained as cases suggestive of reincarnation. With one possible exception the author was satisfied that the cases she studied were not cases of deceit or self-deceit, although she noted that acceptance of the concept of reincarnation played a part in the diagnosis and unfolding of the case. While in some instances the child said no more than could be presumed to be known by the parents, in other cases the child's accurate and intense identification with someone unknown to the parents indicates something paranormal has taken place.

Dean I. RADIN	Searching for "Signatures" in Anomalous Human-Machine Interaction Data: A Neural Network Approach	185-200
	Abstract: An artificial neural network was used to explore whether unique "signatures" could be found in data collected in experiments studying the effect of intention on the statistical behavior of random number generators. Results showed that a network trained with a back-propagation technique was able to learn to associate 32 different individuals with the data they generated, then successfully transfer that knowledge to new data. It is recommended that similar experiments studying anomalous human-machine interactions should attempt to identify person-specific patterns in data in addition to measuring the magnitude of effects; parallel processing analysis techniques are also recommended.

Ian STEVENSON	A Case of Severe Birth Defects Possibly Due to Cursing	201-212
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 4 Number 1 /1990 - Comments on Stevenson's "A Case of Severe Birth Defects Possibly Due to Cursing"
	Abstract: For centuries it was widely believed that a strong unpleasant shock to a pregnant woman could cause birth defects in her baby. Medical books and journals published numerous cases of this type up to the early decades of the present century. The idea of "maternal impression" gradually lost ground during the 18th and 19th centuries, mainly because it seemed to conflict with the facts of physiology. In cases of "maternal impression," the pregnant mother was usually reported to have viewed someone with a shocking deformity that her baby was said to reproduce. It has also been thought that cursing, verbally inflicted and without a visual stimulus, could produce birth defects. Three cases of this type, one published by a pediatrician in 1960, are briefly reviewed, and then a new case is reported. In both of the modem cases, the commonly recognized etiological factors in birth defects could not be identified.

	`Letter to the Editor`
	Comments on Slanger's Internal Clock	213-219
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 2 Number 2 September/1988 - Evidence for a Short-Period Internal Clock in Humans [Slanger, Tom G.]

	`Book Review`
Henry H. BAUER	The Relativity Question, by Ian McCausland	217-219

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 5 Number 1 1991

Editor: Bernhard M. HAISCH

Name: Radin, Dean I.; Ferrari, Diane C.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

John E BRANDENBURG, Vincent DIPIETRO, Gregory MOLENAAR	The Cydonian Hypothesis	1-25
	Abstract: `Evidence suggesting a past humanoid civilization has been found at several sites on Mars. In particular, what appear to be large carved faces, with similar details, have been found at two separate sites. Together with geochemical and geological evidence that suggests Mars was once more Earth-like in climate, the images of the objects support the Cydonian Hypothesis: That Mars once lived as the Earth now lives, and that it was once the home of an indigenous humanoid intelligence.`

Jurgen KEIL	New Cases in Burma, Thailand, and Turkey: A Limited Field Study Replication of Some Aspects of Ian Stevenson's Research	27-59
	Abstract: For about 25 years, Ian Stevenson has presented detailed accounts of his first hand investigations which suggest a substantial basis for the widespread acceptance of rebirth or reincarnation cases in some communities. This investigation was limited to two main questions: Do some children and their families report that information and other indicators emerge which provide connections to other persons who have previously died? Is it necessary to assume that some of the information and that some of the indicators are due to paranormal processes because they cannot be reasonably accounted for by more orthodox means? The results of this investigation are based on a preliminary evaluation of all 23 cases studied in 1988. The 23 cases can be regarded as relatively unselected samples from three countries, namely Burma, Thailand, and Turkey. The answer to the first question is an unqualified "yes." The answer to the second question is also affirmative but due to the limitations of field study conditions, the affirmation can only be justified in somewhat subjective probability terms, nevertheless, in terms comparable to what in quantitative research is called significant. Although the question whether the suggested paranormal results support the reincarnation hypothesis was not pursued, some aspects of this investigation which seem relevant to this question are briefly discussed.

Dean I. RADIN, Diane C. FERRARI	Effects of Consciousness on the Fall of Dice: A Meta-Analysis	61-83
	Abstract: This article presents a meta-analysis of experiments testing the hypothesis that consciousness (in particular, mental intention) can cause tossed dice to land with specified targets face up. Seventy-three English language reports, published from 1935 to 1987, were retrieved. This literature describes 148 studies reported by a total of 52 investigators, involving more than 2 million dice throws contributed by 2,569 subjects. The full database indicates the presence of a physical bias that artifactually inflated hit rates when higher dice faces (e.g., the "6" face) were used as targets. Analysis of a subset of 59 homogeneous studies employing experimental protocols that controlled for these biases suggests that the experimental effect size is independently replicable, significantly positive, and not explain- ~ able as an artifact of selective reporting or differences in methodological quality. The estimated effect size for the full database lies more than 19 standard deviations from chance while the effect size for the subset of ball anced, homogeneous studies lies 2.6 standard deviations from chance. We conclude that this database provides weak cumulative evidence for a genuine relationship between mental intention and the fall of dice.

Michael D. SWORDS	The Wasgo or Sisiutl: A Cryptozoological Sea-Animal of the Pacific Northwest Coast of the Americas	85-101
	Abstract: `Various lines of soft evidence converge upon the tentative conclusion that an unclassified sea-animal of significant size is living, or at least recently lived, in the ocean waters of British Columbia. This animal has had several names within the various Amerindian cultures of that area, and has had a history among them for many centuries. The animal species may be identical or similar to other reported or historically pictured creatures worldwide.`

Robert M. WOOD	The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis Is Not That Bad	103-111
	Abstract: The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) explanation of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) has not been attractive to many scientists because of the apparent requirement to exceed the speed of light in making such trips. It is postulated that if the basis of gravity control systems were discovered, and that if the speed of light can either be raised or exceeded using such devices, then the pattern of UFO reports is consistent with the ETH. Recently, five arguments against the ETH have been advanced by Vallee in this Journal (1990). Each argument can be countered as follows: (1) thousands of visiting civilizations account for the wide variety and large number of reports; (2) the frequently reported similarity to homo sapiens shape may be due to historical interactions, or due to biological optimization; (3) the primitive treatment during reported abductions may be the exception from some less ethical civilizations; (4) the historical extension of the UFO phenomenon is to be expected; and (5) the near-magical reports of time, space, and light manipulation is due to high technology. Travel distance and travel time for constant acceleration and deceleration trips are displayed graphically, based on the feasibility of hyperoptic gravity control transportation systems. Convenient astronomical distance reference points are noted.

Jacques VALLÉE	Toward a Second-Degree Extraterrestrial Theory of UFOs: A Response to Dr. Wood and Prof. Bozhich	113-120
	Abstract: -Counter-arguments to the views expressed by this author in a previous article questioning the extraterrestrial nature of unidentified flying objects have been presented by Dr. Robert Wood, an American aerospace expert, and by Prof. Serge Bozhich, a Soviet mathematician. These counterarguments propose alternative explanations for five major inconsistencies we had noted in the ETH theory. In this response, it is shown that such explanations represent a significant alteration of the basic tenets of the ETH, and that they do introduce useful new insights for future research on UFOs. However, some of the contradictions remain, especially when the matter of "abductions" is brought under close scrutiny

Takeo YOSHINO	Low-Frequency Seismogenic Electromagnetic Emissions as Precursors to Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Japan	121-144
	Abstract: -A multipoint network was constructed in the Tokyo area for earthquake prediction using seismogenic electromagnetic emissions. The network consists of eight observation points within 50 km of each other. Each point has a digital direction-finding detector with two loop sensors tuned to 82 kHz. The output signals of the receivers are added into a digital vector composition circuit to obtain the direction angle of the source point, and this signal is telemetered to the central computer. To protect from false alarms caused by local man-made noise interference, the warning is announced only when there is a high cross-correlation between almost all detectors pointing to one small area. The mechanism of these earthquake precursors can be explained as electromagnetic emissions from the rocks around the focus when they are crushed completely by the distortion pressure. These emissions propagate along the fault plane as an EM surface wave mode and radiate from the slit antenna formed by the intersection of the fault plane and ground surface. In the last five years, we have detected impulsive noise bursts of seismogenic emissions at 82 kHz, 1.525 kHz, and 36 Hz using our multipoint detection network around the Tokyo region and Izu peninsula. This system has recorded EM signals prior to the following events: volcanic eruptions on November 15 and 2 1, 1986 at Mt. Mihara on Ohshima Island, and on July 12, 1989 in Itoh Bay in the Izu peninsula region, and also a minor earthquake on October 14, 1989 at Ohshima Island.

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 7 Number 4 1993

Name: Radin, Dean I.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Research and Review Articles`
Colin S. L. KEAY	Progress in Explaining the Mysterious Sounds Produced by Very Large Meteor Fireballs	337-354
	Abstract: Strange sounds, heard simultaneously with the sighting of brilliant meteor fireballs many tens of kilometers distant, have been an enigma for more than two centuries. The term "electrophonic sounds" is now widely used to describe them and distinguish them from the normal sonic effects heard after the fireball has passed by. A physically viable explanation for meteor fireball electrophonic sounds has been developed and verified by observation and experiment. The history of this neglected branch of meteor science is presented in some detail, drawing attention to the difficulties which stood in the way of a solution until fairly recently. Introducti
Dean I. RADIN	Neural Network Analyses of Consciousness-Related Patterns in Random Sequences	355-373
	Abstract: Researchers investigating the effects of mental intention on the output of random number generators have observed person-unique patterns or "signatures" impressed into the data. A previously reported study used an artificial neural network to analyze the data produced in these experiments and found evidence supporting the signatures hypothesis. The present study again used a neural network to search for patterns, this time using new data and new network configurations. Results of eight analyses confirmed the presence of person-specific signatures. Suggestions for creating practical applications from this phenomenon are outlined.
Sybo A. SCHOUTEN	Applied Parapsychology: Studies of Psychics l and Healers	375-401
	Abstract: Most research in parapsychology is aimed at understanding and controlling paranormal phenomena like telepathy, precognition and psychokinesis. However, in everyday life the practical applications of these phenomena, mainly by psychics and healers, play a more important role. People are generally more interested in the question of how effective these applications are than in scientific explanations of them. They want to know whether they should consult a psychic for a specific problem or what to expect from treatment by a paranormal healer. It is an important aspect of scientific activity to provide society with answers to such questions; answers not based on belief or disbelief in the paranormal but on factual research data. Research with psychics dates back to the last century. Considering the complexity of the problem it is not surprising that it took many years before proper statistical evaluation methods were developed. Based on studies in which the paranormal impressions of psychics were quantitatively evaluated an assessment is given of what happens when clients consult a psychic and of the merit of the impressions on which the psychics base their advice. Compared to psychics, there exists a much larger community of active paranormal healers. Despite this large number, the amount of research carried out on paranormal healing is less than the number of studies done with psychics. However, there are many studies available on complementary medicine in general which provide data relevant for the interpretation of the activities of psychic healers. All these data give an indication for the effectiveness of paranormal healing and of the main variables involved. Two overview studies have been carried out, one on quantitatively evaluated studies with psychics, the other on studies on psychic healing and on complementary medicine. The present paper is a summary and overview of the main results of both studies.
Ian STEVENSON	Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons	403-410
	Abstract: Almost nothing is known about why pigmented birthmarks (moles or nevi) occur in particular locations of the skin. The causes of most birth defects are also unknown. About 35% of children who claim to remember previous lives have birthmarks and/or birth defects that they (or adult informants) attribute to wounds on a person whose life the child remembers. The cases of 210 such children have been investigated. The birthmarks were usually areas of hairless, puckered skin; some were areas of little or no pigmentation (hypopigmented macules); others were areas of increased pigmentation (hyperpigmented nevi). The birth defects were nearly always of rare types. In cases in which a deceased person was identified the details of whose life unmistakably matched the child's statements, a close correspondence was nearly always found between the birthmarks and/or birth defects on the child and the wounds on the deceased person. In 43 of 49 cases in which a medical document (usually a postmortem report) was obtained, it confirmed the correspondence between wounds and birthmarks (or birth defects). There is little evidence that parents and other informants imposed a false identity on the child in order to explain the child's birthmark or birth defect. Some paranormal process seems required to account for at least some of the details of these cases, including the birthmarks and birth defects.

	`Invited Essay`
Robert McCONNELL	The "Enemies" of Parapsychology	417-427
	Abstract: The author regards as "enemies" of parapsychological research (1) those critics who confuse parapsychology with popular superstition, (2) those parapsychologists who know all the pieces of evidence for the reality of psi effects but who lack the capacity to integrate and to evaluate that evidence as a whole, and (3) those professional psychics whose faltering attempts to apply psi for profit give the field a bad name. The author believes that parapsychology's urgent task is to bring mutual understanding between scientists and the public by exploring the obscure but real psi phenomena that give rise to popular superstition. He sees extrasensory perception and psychokinesis as evocable, operationally-defined psi phenomena. However, he rejects as a religious endeavor the search for logical proof of their reality and advocates, instead, a Bayesian summation of countervailing intuitive probabilities. The author rejects blind empiricism as a practical path to the utilization of psi. He offers several speculations regarding future discoveries in parapsychology, three of which are: (1) Healing by self-hypnosis, as opposed to noncontact therapeutic touch, may be normal in an evolutionary sense. (2) Psychoneuroimmunology and psi may play complementary roles. (3) The principal future importance of parapsychology may be to allow scientific understanding of psi processes occurring within the human body.

	`Columns`
Topher COOPER	Anomalous Propagation	429-433
Michael EPSTEIN	The Skeptical Perspective	435-438
F. NOEL	Guest Column: Unidentified Atmospheric Phenomena Observed by an Astronomer	439-441

	`Letters to the Editor`
	On Biological Transmutation of Elements	443-447
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 6 Number 4 /1992 - The Skeptical Perspective [Epstein, Michael]
	Comments on Suitbert Ertel's Puzzling Eminence Might Make Good Sense	447-448
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 7 Number 2 Summer/1993 - Puzzling Eminence Effects Might Make Good Sense [Ertel, Suitbert]

	`Book Reviews`
Paul ALPER	The Burt Affair by R. B. Johnson and Science, Ideology and the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal by R. Fletcher	449-451
Paul ALPER	The Left-Hander Syndrome; The Causes and Consequences of Left-Handedness by Stanley Coren	451-453
Albert E. MOYER	Luna: Myth & Mystery by Kathleen Cain	453-455
James WARWICK	Cross Currents by Robert 0. Becker	455-458
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 8 Number 4 /1994 - Comments on James Warwick's Book Review of Cross Currents

Journal of Scientific Exploration

Volume 8 Number 4 1994

Name: Radin, Dean I.

CONTENTS

Author	Title	Pag

	`Research Articles`
Pierre GUÉRIN	A Scientific Analysis of Four Photographs of a Flying Disk Near Lac Chauvet (France)	447-469
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 9 Number 2 /1995 - Comment on McMinnville UFO Photos
	Abstract: `A series of four photographs of a disk-shaped object apparently flying in the sky was physically analyzed. Certain details led us to develop a mathematical model of the supposed trajectory. The model was validated by measurements on the photographs, which demonstrated that the disk was distant from the camera, flying along a straight and horizontal trajectory, and was not a fabrication`
R. D. Nelson et al.	A Linear Pendulum Experiment: Effects of Operator Intention on Damping Rate	471-489
	Abstract: An attractive pendulum consisting of a two-inch crystal ball suspended on a fused silica rod is the focus of an experiment to measure possible effects of conscious intention on an analog physical system. The pendulum is enclosed in a clear acrylic box, and provided with a computer controlled mechanical system to release it from the same starting height in repeated runs. A high speed binary counter registers interruptions of photodiode beams, to measure velocities at the nadir of the pendulum arc with microsecond accuracy. In runs of 100 swings, taking about three minutes, operators attempt to keep swings high, i.e. to decrease the damping rate (HI); to reduce swing amplitude, i.e. to increase the damping rate (LO); or to take an undisturbed baseline (BL). Over a total of 1545 sets, generated by 42 operators, the HI - LO difference is significant in the direction of intention for five individuals, and the difference between intention and baseline runs is significant and positive for five other operators. The overall HI - LO difference is reduced to non-significance by strong negative performances from several operators, four of whom have comparably large scores in the direction opposite to intention. Analysis of variance reveals significant internal structure in the database (main effects F,, ,,= 2.845, p = .025). Subset comparisons indicate that male operators tend to score higher than females, and that randomly instructed trials tend toward higher scores than volitional trials, especially for male operators. Trials generated with the operator in a remote location have a larger effect size than the local trials. While direct comparisons are not straightforward, it appears that effects of operator intention on the pendulum damping rate may be similar in magnitude and style to those in other humanlmachine interaction experiments. Although this result fails to support an experimental hypothesis that the analog nature of the pendulum experiment would engender larger effect sizes, it does confirm a basic similarity of consciousness effects across experiments using fundamentally different physical systems.
P. A. STURROCK	Applied Scientific Inference	491-508
	Abstract: The purpose of this article is to use the principles of scientific inference to provide guidance in evaluating complicated issues such as those raised by the study of anomalous phenomena. Specifically, the article presents a formalism (a "protocol") for organizing and combining the many judgments that must be made in the scientific evaluation of the relevant hypotheses. All judgments are to be expressed as probabilities, and the rules for combining probabilities are derived from Bayes' theorem. Setting up a problem in a manner that permits such an analysis can be helpful in imposing a structure and discipline upon the analysis, and also in exposing relevant questions that might otherwise have remained hidden. Furthermore, the introduction of probabilities makes it possible to put on a sound numerical basis such assertions as "extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." One finds that extraordinary evidence can be built up from many (but not very many) items of unspectacular evidence, provided the items are truly independent. The proposed procedure permits a clear separation between a statement of initial prejudice and an evaluation of the significance of considered evidence. However, it would be even better to set out explicitly the considerations on which the prejudice is based, and to view those considerations as part of the evidence to be evaluated. The procedure also draws a clear separation between the roles and judgments of data analysts (who assign probabilities to specified statements, based on the evidence), and those of theorists (who assign probabilities to the same statements, based in turn on the considered hypotheses). In order to reach a consensus on any topic, it is recommended that probability estimates be made by teams of experts, all team-members being presented with the same data but acting independently, and procedures are proposed by which individual estimates may be combined to yield a consensus estimate.

	`Essay`
John BELOFF	The Mind-Brain Problem	509-522
	Abstract: `The mind-brain problem, which is still with us, raises the question as to whether the mind is no more than the idle side-effect of our brain processes or whether the mind can, in some degree, influence behavior. Here we rehearse the arguments on both sides plus some desperate recent attempts to eliminate mind altogether.`

Dean I. RADIN	Guest Column: On Complexity and Pragmatism	523-533

	`Letters to the Editor`
	Comments on James Warwick's Book Review of Cross Currents	535-538
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 7 Number 4 /1993 - Cross Currents by Robert 0. Becker [Warwick, James]
	Further Comments on the Unreliability of Home Blood Glucose Monitors	538-539
	`Related:` Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 8 Number 3 /1994 - Complementary Healing Therapy for Patients With Type I Diabetes Mellitus [Wirth, Daniel P. & Mitchell, Barbara J.] Journal of Scientific Exploration Volume 9 Number 1 /1995 - Erratum

	`Book Reviews`
Michael C. IBISON	The Interrelationship Between Mind and Matter edited by B. Rubik	541-545
Theodore ROCKWELL	The Interrelationship Between Mind and Matter edited by B. Rubik	545-546
Emily Williams COOK	A History of Hypnotism by A. Gauld	546-553
Angela THOMPSON	The Allagash Abductions: Undeniable Evidence of Alien Intervention by R. E. Fowler	554
	Review: Raymond E. FOWLER,THE ALLAGASH ABDUCTIONS - 1993
Henry H. BAUER	Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science by P. R. Gross and N. Levitt	555-563
Stuart EDELSTEIN	Perilous Knowledge: The Human Genome Project and Its Implications by T. Wilkie	563-565
Lori Anne NEALE	The Body, Self-Cultivation, and Ki-Energy by Y. Yuasa	565-568

Roger NELSON	The Second Euro-SSE Conference	569

	`Abstracts of the Second Euro-SSE Conference`
Robert MORRIS	Investigating Anomalies in Human-Machine Interaction	570
Jessica UTTS	Decision Augmentation Theory: Can Precognition Explain PK Data	570-571
Walter VON LUCADOU	Psychological Correlates of Experimental Human-Machine Anomalies: Influence, Selection, or What?	571
Zoltan VASSY	Correlation without Causation: on the Nature of Parapsychological Phenomena	571-572
B. E. P. CLEMENT	Conceptual Modeling in the Temporal Domain	572
Harold ASPDEN	The Experimental Pathway to New Sources of Energy	572-573
Harold E. PUTHOFF	On the Feasibility of Converting Vacuum Electromagnetic Energy to a Useful Form	573-574
Bernhard HAISCH	Zero-Point Field, Inertia, and Mach's Principle	574
Roger NELSON	Anomalous Interactions: Intention, Information, and Consciousness	574-575
S. JEFFERS, J. SLOAN	The Double-Slit Experiment as a Potentially Sensitive Detector of Anomalous Effects	575
Euan J. SQUIRES	The Implication of Quantum Theory for an Understanding of Consciousness	575-576
Jacques BENVENISTE	The Transfer of Specific Molecular Signals by Electromagnetic Means, and Its Consequences in Biology and Medicine	576
L. PYATNITSKY	Consciousness Influence on Water Structure	576-577
Zbignew WOLKOWSKI	Recent Advances in the Phoron Concept: An Attempt to Decrease the Incompleteness of Scientific Exploration	576-577
Roeland VAN WIJK	Understanding the Benefits of Subharmful Doses of Toxicants	577-578
Zoltan DIENES	Tests of Sheldrake's Claim of Morphic Resonance	578
Suitbert ERTEL	The Maharishi Effect in Transcendental Meditation: Fancy or Fact?	578-579
Archie E. ROY	The Great Crop Circle Mystery	579
Robin ALLEN	Science, Pseudoscience, and the Crop Circle Phenomenon	579-580
Léon BRENIG	Remote Sensing: A Tool for UFOLOGY	580
Paul DEVEREUX	"Earth Lights": History and Latest Developments Concerning Research into Anomalous Light Phenomena	580-581
George EGELY	Ball Lightning: The Last Enigma of the Atmosphere?	581
Erling STRAND	Project Hessdalen-A Field Investigation of an Unknown Atmospheric Light Phenomenon	581-582
Susan J. HOWAT, Deborah L. DELANOY, Robert L. MORRIS	Remote Staring Detection and Personality Correlates	582
Deborah L. DELANOY, Sunita SAH	Cognitive and Physiological PSI Responses to Remote Positive and Neutral Emotional States	581-582
	Comparison of the SenderINo Sender Conditions Using an Automated Ganzfeld System	583-584
Ian STEVENSON	Six Modem Apparitional Experiences	584
Peter A. STURROCK	The Role of Heresies in Scientific Research	584-585

	`SSE News`
	Odier Research Foundation Publishes Bulletin	587
	14th Annual Meeting: Announcement and Call for Papers	588

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